Falando com professoras das séries iniciais do ensino fundamental sobre sexualidade na sala de aula : a presença do discurso biológico

Neste artigo questiono o entendimento da sexualidade como universal e biologicamente determinada. Discuto a sexualidade como uma construção histórica e cultural a partir da análise das narrativas das professoras das séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental sobre suas experiências de sala de aula relacionadas a tal questão. Nas experiências narradas, tornou-se marcante o discurso biológico como a maneira «correta» para ser abordada a sexualidade nas práticas escolares. Relacionados a esse discurso estruturado na biologia apareceram outros que atuam na mídia, nos grupos sociais, na família, engendrando a sexualidade como efeito de práticas culturais de inscrição nos corpos. No estudo, estabeleço algumas conexões com os Estudos Culturais, nas suas vertentes pós-estruturalistas, e com algumas proposições de Foucault.In this article, I challenge the understanding of sexuality as universal and biologically structured. I discuss sexuality as a historical and cultural construct, from the narratives of primary school teachers at initial grades, on their classroom experiences related to such issue. In the experiences narrated, the biological discourse stood out as the «correct» way to approach sexuality in school practices. Also related to that discourse structured on biology, some other discourses came up, which act in the media, in social groups, in the family, therefore engendering sexuality as an effect of cultural practices inscribed on bodies. In the study, I establish some connections with Cultural Studies, in their post-structuralist views, and with some of Foulcault's propositions

Resveratrol increases antioxidant defenses and decreases proinflammatory cytokines in hippocampal astrocyte cultures from newborn, adult and aged Wistar rats

AbstractAstrocytes are responsible for modulating neurotransmitter systems and synaptic information processing, ionic homeostasis, energy metabolism, maintenance of the blood–brain barrier, and antioxidant and inflammatory responses. Our group recently published a culture model of cortical astrocytes obtained from adult Wistar rats. In this study, we established an in vitro model for hippocampal astrocyte cultures from adult (90days old) and aged (180days old) Wistar rats. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and neuroprotective effects that modulate glial functions. Here, we evaluated the effects of resveratrol on GSH content, GS activity, TNF-α and IL-1β levels in hippocampal astrocytes from newborn, adult and aged Wistar rats. We observed a decrease in antioxidant defenses and an increase in the inflammatory response in hippocampal astrocytes from adult and aged rats compared to classical astrocyte cultures from newborn rats. Resveratrol prevented these effects. These findings reinforce the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol, which are mainly associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities

Ampliação da jornada escolar: a visão dos estudantes dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental de duas escolas da Serra Gaúcha/RS sobre o Programa Mais Educação – PME

This article is part of the evaluation of public policies and specifically evaluates the greatest public policy to expand the school day in Brazil: the More Education - SME Program. It is a mixed research, of an applied nature, with the objective of being exploratory, of a case, documentary and bibliographic procedure. It aims to recover the milestones that legitimize the right to extend the school day and evaluate the aforementioned public policy from the perspective of the students who attend the PME. As a methodological reference, we use the policy cycle of Stephen Ball and Richard Bowe to show a flexible cycle that favors a continuous evaluation and public policy effect. As a selection criterion, we consider the schools that joined the SME in 2009 and maintain it uninterruptedly in 2015 in one of the largest cities of the Serra Gaúcha - Rio Grande do Sul. The sample is made up of eighty-two students from the third, fourth And fifth year of Elementary School, from two schools, which answered questionnaires with open and closed questions. The answers from the open questions were categorized by experts. Among the results obtained, SME is rooted in the school institution, the students like to participate in the SME, the students' preference is for activities involving bodily movement and the students do not appreciate the flute workshop and pedagogical and not Like when the clerk does not come to perform the activities.Este artículo está incluido en el ámbito de la evaluación de las políticas públicas y evalúa específicamente uno de la mayor expansión de las políticas públicas de la jornada escolar en Brasil: el Programa Más Educación - PME. Se trata de una investigación conjunta de carácter aplicado, con el fin de ser exploratoria, procedimiento caso, documental y bibliográfica. Su objetivo es rescatar a los hitos que legitima el derecho a la extensión de la jornada escolar y considerar esta política pública desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes que asisten a las PME. Como marco metodológico nos aprovechamos del ciclo de las políticas Stephen Ball y Richard Bowe para mostrar un ciclo flexible y favorece una evaluación continua y pública efecto de la política. Como criterios de selección consideran escuelas que se han unido a las PME en 2009 y mantiene ininterrumpidamente en el año 2015 en una de las ciudades más grandes de Serra Gaucha -. Rio Grande do Sul La muestra se compone de ochenta y dos estudiantes de tercero, cuarto y quinto grado de la escuela primaria, dos escuelas, que respondieron cuestionarios con preguntas abiertas y cerradas. Las respuestas procedentes de las preguntas abiertas fueron clasificados por expertos. Entre los resultados se hizo hincapié en que las pymes tienen sus raíces en la institución escolar, los estudiantes les gusta participar en las PME, la preferencia de los estudiantes es por las actividades que implican movimiento corporal y los estudiantes no aprecian el taller de flauta y el apoyo educativo y no como cuando oficineiro no parece llevar a cabo las actividades.O presente artigo se insere no campo da avaliação de políticas públicas e de forma específica avalia a uma das maiores políticas públicas de ampliação da jornada escolar do Brasil: o Programa Mais Educação – PME. Trata-se de uma pesquisa mista, de natureza aplicada, com o objetivo de ser exploratória, de procedimento de caso, documental e bibliográfica. Tem como objetivo resgatar os marcos que legitimam o direito à ampliação da jornada escolar e avaliar a referida política pública a partir da visão dos estudantes que frequentam o PME. Como referencial metodológico nos valemos do ciclo de políticas de Stephen Ball e Richard Bowe por mostrar-se um ciclo flexível e que favorece uma avaliação contínua e de efeito da política pública. Como critério de seleção consideramos as escolas que aderiram ao PME em 2009 e o mantém de forma ininterrupta até o ano de 2015 em uma das maiores cidades da Serra Gaúcha - Rio Grande do Sul. A amostra compõe-se de oitenta e dois estudantes do terceiro, quarto e quinto ano do Ensino Fundamental, de duas escolas, que responderam a questionários com perguntas abertas e fechadas. As respostas oriundas das questões abertas foram categorizadas por especialistas. Dentre os resultados obtidos ressalta-se que o PME está enraizado na instituição escolar, os estudantes gostam de participar do PME, a preferência dos estudantes é por atividades que envolvam o movimento corporal e os alunos não apreciam a oficina de flauta e acompanhamento pedagógico e não gostam quando o oficineiro não comparece para realizar as atividades

Characterization of adult rat astrocyte cultures

Astrocytes, a major class of glial cells, regulate neurotransmitter systems, synaptic processing, ion homeostasis, antioxidant defenses and energy metabolism. Astrocyte cultures derived from rodent brains have been extensively used to characterize astrocytes’ biochemical, pharmacological and morphological properties. The aims of this study were to develop a protocol for routine preparation and to characterize a primary astrocyte culture from the brains of adult (90 days old) Wistar rats. For this we used enzymatic digestion (trypsin and papain) and mechanical dissociation. Medium exchange occurred from 24 h after obtaining a culture and after, twice a week up to reach the confluence (around the 4th to 5th week). Under basal conditions, adult astrocytes presented a polygonal to fusiform and flat morphology. Furthermore, approximately 95% the cells were positive for the main glial markers, including GFAP, glutamate transporters, glutamine synthetase and S100B. Moreover, the astrocytes were able to take up glucose and glutamate. Adult astrocytes were also able to respond to acute H2O2 exposure, which led to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and a decrease in glutamate uptake. The antioxidant compound resveratrol was able to protect adult astrocytes from oxidative damage. A response of adult astrocytes to an inflammatory stimulus with LPS was also observed. Changes in the actin cytoskeleton were induced in stimulated astrocytes, most likely by a mechanism dependent on MAPK and Rho A signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings indicate that the culture model described in this study exhibits the biochemical and physiological properties of astrocytes and may be useful for elucidating the mechanisms related to the adult brain, exploring changes between neonatal and adult astrocytes, as well as investigating compounds involved in cytotoxicity and cytoprotection

Aportes conceituais de referência ao planejamento metropolitano no Brasil contemporâneo

 A reestruturação das cidades do final do século XX é marcada por determinantes interurbanos e intraurbanos. A dinâmica das redes técnicas tende a substituir a estática dos lugares construídos, condicionando mentalidades e comportamentos urbanos; a interação dos indivíduos passa a ser reduzida e deslocalizada; o pertencimento a comunidades de interesses diversos não se funda mais nem sobre a proximidade nem sobre a densidade demográfica local. Nesse cenário, ocorre a aprovação do Estatuto da Metrópole, em janeiro de 2015, colocando as Regiões Metropolitanas (RMs) e Aglomerações Urbanas (AUs) brasileiras em lugar de destaque na agenda das ações sobre o urbano, exigindo uma maior compreensão sobre as novas lógicas de ocupação do território e suas relações com as atividades econômicas e sociais marcadas por redes e fluxos de alcances variados. A realidade metropolitana contemporânea nos conduz à necessidade de rever o conceito de região, bem como de pensar as novas centralidades urbanas.

APOEε4 associates with microglial activation independently of Aβ plaques and tau tangles

Animal studies suggest that the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOEε4) allele is a culprit of early microglial activation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we tested the association between APOEε4 status and microglial activation in living individuals across the aging and AD spectrum. We studied 118 individuals with positron emission tomography for amyloid-β (Aβ; [18F]AZD4694), tau ([18F]MK6240), and microglial activation ([11C]PBR28). We found that APOEε4 carriers presented increased microglial activation relative to noncarriers in early Braak stage regions within the medial temporal cortex accounting for Aβ and tau deposition. Furthermore, microglial activation mediated the Aβ-independent effects of APOEε4 on tau accumulation, which was further associated with neurodegeneration and clinical impairment. The physiological distribution of APOE mRNA expression predicted the patterns of APOEε4-related microglial activation in our population, suggesting that APOE gene expression may regulate the local vulnerability to neuroinflammation. Our results support that the APOEε4 genotype exerts Aβ-independent effects on AD pathogenesis by activating microglia in brain regions associated with early tau deposition

Pedagogical school vegetable gardens : an educational and nutritional concept

The purpose of this article is to present the project Implementation and conduction of technical-pedagogical gardens for schools in the states of Maranhão and Piauí, previously discussing the current framework of legal framework in Brazil on the Right to Adequate Food, Food and Nutrition Security and highlighting the relevance and main characteristics of a reference school garden. The proposed implementation of this project is a strategy for structuring gardening models in public education institutions that serve children and adolescents in the age group of 6 to 14 years. This is the initial step towards the consolidation of the School Vegetable Program for Improvement of Eating Habits, which aims to contribute to the process of a pedagogy aimed at the construction of healthy and sustainable eating habits

Impact of the policies of scientific initiation and program science without borders in the access of students into Brazilian postgraduate programs

This article presents a description of Brazilian federal policies directed to improve the scientific experience of undergraduate students: the Institutional Programs of Scientific Initiation Scholarships (PIBIC), Technological Development and Innovation Scholarships (PIBITI) and the Science without Borders (SWB). Then it discusses an outcome of these governmental actions: the admittance of students into Brazilian Postgraduate Programs. The article emphasizes that such policies greatly contributed to the admittance of students into Brazilian Postgraduate Programs of higher academic quality and international recognition, compared to students that did not participate in those Brazilian federal policies. It means that PIBC, PIBITI and SWB are relevant instruments for training and qualifying human resources to scientific, technological and educational activities in Brazil