¿En los orígenes de una burguesía agraria o la consolidación de una economía de renta? La formación de un patrimonio rural en la Galicia sudoriental, 1740-1850

[Resumen]Este trabajo es una reflexión que intenta dar respuesta a una serie de interrogantes: ¿Economía de renta y, por consiguiente, racionalidad de Antiguo Régimen, o también primeros pasos hacia la asunción de una racionalidad capitalista en el dominio y explotación de la tierra a cargo de una burguesía ascendiente? La vitalidad mostrada por la familia objeto de estudio y lo diversificado de su estrategia sugieren en principio la emergencia de una burguesía agraria. Faltan, no obstante, elementos que permitan verificar su presencia. No parece que nuestra familia explote directamente sus tierras, ni siquiera en parte, con trabajo asalariado. Tampoco se destaca por la introducción de innovaciones agrícolas y, por más que destine sus excedentes al mercado, la preferencia por cultivos tradicionales y seguros diseña un perfil más próximo al del clásico rentista que al del burgués, no digamos al «empresario agrario». La configuración geográfica y socioeconómica de la comarca de Manzaneda, desprovista de actividades mercantiles o industriales de relieve, mal comunicada, con débil densidad demográfica y alejada de núcleos urbanos importantes, añade dificultad a la hipótesis de un despuntar del capitalismo agrario

Literatura de viagens e aprendizagem do outro

[Resumo] Face a umha literatura de viagens relacionada com a expansom colonial europeia com visos de apropriaçom de realidades alheias, o nacionalismo galego do primeiro terço do século XX foi quem de avivecer um discurso alternativo focado na viagem como aprendizagem apartir do conhecimento intercultural

Axillary bud viability and dry matter production of Poa ligularis in Patagonian grasslands

Poa ligularis Nees is one of the dominant perennial grass species in Patagonian grasslands. This is the first field study which investigated the effects of defoliation frequency on its number of viable axillary buds, and subsequent dry matter production during one growing season. Experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included one defoliation height (10 cm), from one to five times a year, and undefoliated controls. Bud respiratory activity was examined usingthe tetrazolium test and the vital stain Evan's blue. At the end of the growing season, plants that have been defoliated more than three times showed significatively (p<0.05) lower number of respiratory active buds than unclipped controls. A high defoliation frequency increased bud death in stem bases. Both defoliated and undefoliated plants produced more (p<0.05) axillary buds at the periphery than at their center. Defoliation treatments increased shoot weight by 13.4% on average compared with undefoliated controls, but reduced in by 10% the average number of metabolically active axillary buds. This indicates that this reduction, however, was not high enough to constrain dry matter production.It appears that Poa ligularis could tolerate moderate grazing frequency and intensity without compromising its potential regrowth capacity. Longer-term studies of the effects of defoliation on dry matter production and bud metabolic activity are needed to understand the cumulative effects of grazing of P. ligularis in natural grasslands.Poa ligularis Nees es una de las especies de gramíneas perennes dominantes en los pastizales naturales de la Patagonia. Este es el primer estudio que investigó los efectos de la frequencia de defoliación sobre su número de yemas axilares viables, y subsiguiente producción de materia seca durante una estación de crecimiento. Los estudios se efectuaron utilizando un diseño de bloques completamente al azar. Los tratamientos incluyeron una altura de defoliación (10 cm), de una a cinco veces por año, además de controles no defoliados. La actividad respiratoria de las yemas fue examinada usando el método del tetrazolio y el colorante vital azul de Evans.Hacia el final de la estación de crecimiento, las plantas que habían sido defoliadas más de tres veces mostraron un número significativamente menor (p<0.05) de yemas con actividad respiratoria que los controles no defoliados. Una alta frecuencia de defoliación incrementó la muerte de yemas en las bases de tallos. Todas las plantas- defoliadas o no, produjeron más (p<0.05) yemas axilares en su periferia que en su centro. La defoliación incrementó 13.4% el peso de los tallos en promedio, pero redujo en 10% el número promedio de yemas axilares metabólicamente activas. Esto indica que esta reducción , sin embargo, no fue suficiente como para limitar la producción de materia seca. Parece que P. ligularis toleraría una frecuencia e intensidad moderada de pastoreo sin comprometer su capacidad potencial de rebrote. Se necesitan estudios a más largo plazo de los efectos de la defoliación en la producción de materia seca y actividad metabólica de las yemas para entender los efectos acumulativos del pastoreo de Poa ligularis en los pastizales naturales.Fil: Souto, Cintia Paola. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Becker, G. F.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Siffredi, G. L.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Busso, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; ArgentinaFil: Sterberg, M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentin

Analytical Results for the Statistical Distribution Related to Memoryless Deterministic Tourist Walk: Dimensionality Effect and Mean Field Models

Consider a medium characterized by N points whose coordinates are randomly generated by a uniform distribution along the edges of a unitary d-dimensional hypercube. A walker leaves from each point of this disordered medium and moves according to the deterministic rule to go to the nearest point which has not been visited in the preceding \mu steps (deterministic tourist walk). Each trajectory generated by this dynamics has an initial non-periodic part of t steps (transient) and a final periodic part of p steps (attractor). The neighborhood rank probabilities are parameterized by the normalized incomplete beta function I_d = I_{1/4}[1/2,(d+1)/2]. The joint distribution S_{\mu,d}^{(N)}(t,p) is relevant, and the marginal distributions previously studied are particular cases. We show that, for the memory-less deterministic tourist walk in the euclidean space, this distribution is: S_{1,d}^{(\infty)}(t,p) = [\Gamma(1+I_d^{-1}) (t+I_d^{-1})/\Gamma(t+p+I_d^{-1})] \delta_{p,2}, where t=0,1,2,...,\infty, \Gamma(z) is the gamma function and \delta_{i,j} is the Kronecker's delta. The mean field models are random link model, which corresponds to d \to \infty, and random map model which, even for \mu = 0, presents non-trivial cycle distribution [S_{0,rm}^{(N)}(p) \propto p^{-1}]: S_{0,rm}^{(N)}(t,p) = \Gamma(N)/\{\Gamma[N+1-(t+p)]N^{t+p}\}. The fundamental quantities are the number of explored points n_e=t+p and I_d. Although the obtained distributions are simple, they do not follow straightforwardly and they have been validated by numerical experiments.Comment: 9 pages and 4 figure

Design and implementation of an IoT gateway to create smart environments

The paper presents a proposal of a practical implementation for an IoT gateway dedicated to real-time monitoring and remote control of a swimming pool. Based on a Raspberry Pi, the gateway allows bidirectional communication and data exchange between the user and the sensor network implemented on the environment using an Arduino.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Consórcios com potencial de uso como adubo verde no município de Paty do Alferes-RJ.

Foi feito um experimento sob condições de campo no município de Paty do Alferes-RJ, com a finalidade de avaliar os efeitos dos consórcios, mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima) e crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea), consorciados com o milho (Zea mays cv. BR-116), na produção de fitomassa e acumulo de nitrogênio nas plantas dessas espécies e das plantas invasoras. O delineamento experimental foi O de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e os três tratamentos: mucuna-preta + milho; crotalaria + milho e milho. A produção de fitomassa seca no tratamento só com milho foi significantemente (p<0,05) maior quando comparada com a produção do milho no consórcio, aproximadamente o dobro e nove vezes maior que nos consórcios com mucuna-preta e crotalaria respectivamente. No consórcio mucuna preta + milho, a leguminosa contribuiu com 61 % da produção da fitomassa seca, enquanto no consórcio crotalaria+ milho a contribuição foi de 89%. Não foi observado plantas invasoras nas parcelas do consorcio de mucuna-preta + milho. A fitomassa seca do milho nas parcelas sem consórcio apresentou um teor de N (0,69%) menor do que no milho consorciado com a crotalaria (1,36%) e com mucuna-preta (1,25%).0 teor de N da mucuna-preta (3,12%) no consórcio foi maior do que com a crotalaria (2,18%). A produção de N total do consórcio mucuna-preta + milho foi significantemente (p<0,05) maior 54 e 338% do que a do consórcio crotalaria + milho e do tratamento com milho, respectivamente, enquanto o tratamento crotalaria + milho superou o tratamento so com milho, em 185%. A produyao de N da mucuna-preta no consórcio foi 32% maior do que o da crotalaria. A mucuna-preta e a crotalaria no consórcio com o milho, num intervalo de 105 dias, do plantio até o corte, produziram cerca de 4,8 e 3,7 kg de N ha-1dia-1, respectivamente. Isto faz destas leguminosas um grande potencial para uso como adubo verde na região de Paty do Alferes-RJ. A field experiment was set up at the Municipality of Paty do Alferes, RJ, aiming the evaluation of intercropping the summer green manure velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) and sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) with maize (Zea mays cv BR 116) on the biomass production and N accumulation in these species and in the weeds. The experimental design was in randomised blocks with four replications. The treatments were velvet bean + maize, sunnhemp + maize and maize. The dry mass production of the maize treatment was significantly higher (p<0.05) than maize intercropped with green manure. Maize only areas produced the double and nine-fold the dry mass accumulated by maize intercropped with velvet bean and sunnhemp, respectively. In the velvet bean maize intercrop the legume contributed to 61 % of total mass production while sunnhemp contributed to 89% of the total mass when intercropped with maize. There were no weeds in the plots with the intercrop of maize and velvet bean. The dry mass of maize in the pure maize plots had a N content (0.69%) lower than maize intercropped with sunnhemp (1.36%) and with velvet bean (1.25%). The N content in velvet bean (3.12%) was higher than that in sunnhemp (2.18%). The total N accumulated in the maize - velvet bean intercropping was 54% and 338% higher (p<0.05) than that accumulated in maize-sunnhemp intercropping and in pure maize crop, respectively, while the treatment maize-sunnhemp surpassed the pure maize treatment in 185%. The N production in velvet bean intercropped with maize was 32% higher than that in sunnhemp under the same condition. Velvet bean and sunnhemp intercropped with maize yielded respectively 4.8 and 3.7 kg N ha-1 day-1 during 105 days that comprised the planting-cut interval. This pointed out that these legumes have a strong potential to be used as green manure in the region of Paty do Alferes, RJ.Parceria: PESAGRO

Low-complexity channel codes for reliable molecular communication via diffusion

It is envisioned that healthcare systems of the future will be revolutionized with the development and integration of body-centric networks into future generations of communication systems, giving rise to the so-called “Internet of Bio-nano things”. Molecular communications (MC) emerge as the most promising way of transmitting information for in-body communications. One of the biggest challenges is how to minimize the effects of environmental noise and reduce the inter-symbol interference (ISI) which in an MC via diffusion scenario can be very high. To address this problem, channel coding is one of the most promising techniques. In this paper, we study the effects of different channel codes integrated into MC systems. We provide a study of Tomlinson, Cercas, Hughes (TCH) codes as a new attractive approach for the MC environment due to the codeword properties which enable simplified detection. Simulation results show that TCH codes are more effective for these scenarios when compared to other existing alternatives, without introducing too much complexity or processing power into the system. Furthermore, an experimental proof-of-concept macroscale test bed is described, which uses pH as the information carrier, and which demonstrates that the proposed TCH codes can improve the reliability in this type of communication channel.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Formal verification of a group membership protocol using model checking

The development of safety-critical embedded applications in domains such as automotive or avionics is an exceedingly challenging intellectual task. This task can, however, be significantly simplified through the use of middleware that offers specialized fault-tolerant services. This middleware must provide a high assurance level that it operates correctly. In this paper, we present a formal verification of a protocol for one such service, a Group Membership Service, using model checking. Through this verification we discovered that although the protocol specification is correct, a previously proposed implementation is not