Liturgical Traditions in Sangam Literature

Tamil language is called the language of devotion. Worship is a part of devotion. From the verb 'worship’, the noun 'worship' is derived. Worship is the act of kindness that everyone carries out with the remembrance of God, companionship of the learned, and benevolence for the well-being of all living beings. In prehistoric time’s water, fire, wind, thunder, lightning etc. were worshiped as God because it has some kind of power. There is much evidence of the presence of Shiva lingam and Shiva worship in the Indus Valley Civilization, which is believed to have existed between 2500 BC and 1500 BC. The clay figures, god forms of Lingam and Durga found at Mohanjataro and Arappa bear witness to the antiquity of Shiva worship. Evidence of the antiquity of Muruga worship has been found in excavations at Adichanallur, believed to date back to the twelfth century BC. Tolkappiyam describes well about the Kotravai worship and Muruga worship. This article examines the liturgical traditions found in Sangam Literature

Tamil Language and Life Worship

Human beings who have faith in God prays for God's grace in their efforts to make their lives prosperous. At first, man who worshiped nature like thunder, lightning, rain, and wind eventually worshiped them by naming them as God. Old literary works details how the worships were done and how the ancient people worshipped nature as God. Sangam literary works reveals that the people worshipped God without any disparity in caste and gender. Today various worship are done for an individual. This article examines the various worships that has been done from birth to death in Tamilnadu

Effect of Feeding Whole Crop Barley Silage on Growth Performance, Carcass Trait and Meat Quality of Hanwoo Steer

Hanwoo steers are one of the major sources of meat, required for increasing consumer demands in Korea, Japan, and China. Beef contained high levels of saturated fat, and it contains appreciable quantities of linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Optimum growth can obtain with appropriate combination of concentrate and forage. Fattening of Hanwoo on concentrate-based feeds resulted in faster, more efficient growth and heavier carcasses. However, feed costs represent the largest single variable in beef production in Korea and Japan. The grass is generally the cheapest source of feed available for beef production, which provides high yields with quality herbage. Grass-feed based production systems are low-input methods that are particularly suitable to meet the demand of meat retailers and consumers. Therefore, in Korea, the combination of roughage and concentrates are commonly available in the market is used for rearing Hanwoo. Especially, the study of manufacturing silage using whole crop barley or whole crop rye was carried out to expand the usage of roughage. Barley is an important crop cultivated for the production of high-quality forage in Korea and Japan. However, the benefits of feeding diet combinations of concentrate and barley silages from growing period to finishing the period of Hanwoo steer have not been evaluated. The objectives of this study were to compare the growth performance, meat quantity and quality characteristics in Hanwoo steers fed barley silage/concentrate and rice straw/concentrate diet

A study on clinicoradiological outcome of posterior and posterolateral decompression,stabilisation with pedicle screws and fusion for tuberculosis of dorsal and lumbar spine

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is ubiquitous in distribution. Globally, nearly 30 million people suffer from tuberculosis. 3 million deaths occur due to tuberculosis per year. India has burden of 6 million cases. Recent increase in the incidence is due to concomitant tuberculosis with HIV infection and drug resistance. Of these 1-3% constitutes skeletal system involvement. Spinal tuberculosis(50%) is the most common form of skeletal tuberculosis. The evolution of treatment of tuberculosis of spine have passed through different phases of development from Pre-antitubercular era through Postantitubercular era and from Radical surgery through Middle path regimn. Traditionally, the anterior approach is the gold standard approach because vertebral bodies and disc spaces are most commonly affected, and the anterior approach allows direct access to the diseased vertebral bodies for debridement and abscess drainage, allows wide decompression and reconstruction of the defect. A combined anterior debridement and posterior instrumentation helps to overcome stability related drawbacks of anterior approach alone. However, it entails two surgeries (single event or staged) with additional morbidity and is indicated for patients with significant deformity. In posterior or posterolateral approaches anterior and lateral column can be reached through extra pleural approach. Posterior approach provides excellent exposure for circumferential spinal cord decompression, allows multiple level posterior instrumentation above and below the level of pathology, more stable construct ,less morbid surgery, allows earlier rehabilitation and is a familiar approach. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this prospective study is to analyse the clinicoradiological outcome of posterior and posterolateral decompression, stabilisation with pedicle screws and fusion for tuberculosis of dorsal and lumbar spine done in our institution from July 2010 to June 2012. OBJECTIVES : (a) To study the effectiveness of posterior and posterolateral decompression, stabilisation with pedicle screws and fusion for tuberculosis of dorsal and lumbar spine. (b) To study the improvement in the angle of kyphosis. (c) To show that posterior surgery allows early mobilisation. (d) To evaluate that posterior surgery associated with reduced morbidity and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in our Hospital on 15 patients with Tuberculosis of Dorsal and Lumbar spine from July 2010 to June 2012. All patients were treated with posterior or posterolateral approach and stabilised with Pedicle screw system. Selection criteria: The Inclusion criteria is age group of 12 to 70 years of age, mild to moderate amount of cold abscess. no improvement with conservative treatment and worsening of neurological deficit. Patients less than 12 years of age,huge cold abscess, severe kyphotic deformity with internal gibbus and patients not fit for anaesthesia are excluded from the study. During study age of patient, mode of presentation, Level of the lesion and associated co morbid condition are considered. Anti tuberculous therapy started. RESULTS: This study was conducted in our Hospital on 15 patients with Tuberculosis of Dorsal and Lumbar spine from July 2010 to June 2012. All patients were treated with posterior or posterolateral approach and stabilised with Pedicle screw system. The mean follow up period was 12 months (range 6-26 months). The following are the results of the study: The mean duration between surgery and onset of symptoms was 10.2 months (range 5-14 months). The mean surgical time was 3 hours 20 minutes (range 2h 20 min-4hr 10 min). The average blood loss was 800 ml (400 ml – 1500 ml). The mean preoperative Visual analog score was 8.7 (range7-10)which improved to 1.7(1-4) at final follow up implying better pain score postoperatively. The mean preoperative ESR value was 111.8 which improved to 31.7 at final follow up which indicates improvement in disease activity. Before surgery, 7 patients were classified as Frankel grade C,2 patients each with grade B,D and E& one patient with grade A.After surgery,all patients with grade C improved to one grade. Out of 2 patients with grade B,one improved to grade C and other improved to grade D.Of the patients with grade D, one improved to grade E and the other remained with grade D.One patient with grade A havenot recovered. The mean preoperative kyphosis in the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine was 27.9 degrees which was corrected to a mean of 9.5 degrees in the final follow up radiographs implying better correction and maintenance of kyphosis. CONCLUSION: The posterior/posterolateral approach (extracavitory approach) gives a reasonable access to the lateral and anterior aspects of the cord for an equally good decompression of the cord. It is a less morbid approach and avoids problems associated with thoracotomy and laprotomy. It facilitates early mobilization and avoids problems of prolonged recumbency. It provides better functional outcome and significantly better sagittal plane and kyphosis correction. Posterior approach preferred because of its familiarity, its simplicity, and its low complication rate

Antidiabetic Activity of Berberis Aristata Leaves in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Model

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The Diabetes Mellitus is worldwide problem due to the lifestyle changes lead to decreased physical activity, increased consumption of fat, sugar and calories, and higher stress levels, affecting insulin sensitivity and obesity. Based on the above causative factor to increased tenfold, from 1.2% to 12.1%, between 1971 and 2000 entire world. It estimates is estimated that 61.3 million people aged 20-79 years live DISCUSSION Invitro study is on the principle of Inhibition of α-amylase, enzyme that plays a role in digestion of starch and glycogen are considered a strategy for the treatment of disorders in carbohydrate uptake, such as diabetes. Pancreatic α- amylase is a key enzyme in the digestive system and catalyses the initial step in hydrolysis of starch to a mixture of smaller. Sequential extraction was done according to increasing polarity order (Petrolium ether,Ethyl acetate and Ethanol). Each extracts were tested for α-amylase inhibition to get the extraction with minimum IC50 value. As per the above mechanism all the extract have concentration dependent affinity towards the inhibition of α-amylase. Finally ethanolic extract was observed as more active extract. LC-MS is a hyphenated technique, combining the separation power of HPLC, with the detection power of mass spectrometry. Even with a very sophisticated MS instrument, HPLC is still useful to remove the interferences from the sample that would impact the ionization. Closely related to LC-MS are some other techniques, like flow injection/MS, CE or CEC/MS, capillary LC or Nano LC-MS In all cases, there is the need for an interface that will eliminate the solvent and generate gas phase ions, then transferred to the optics of the mass spectrometer. Most instruments now atmospheric pressure ionization (API) technique where solvent elimination and ionization steps are combined in the source and take place at atmospheric pressure. When electron impact ionization (EI) is the choice, the solvent elimination and ionization steps are separate. Present study I have been used LC-MS for isolate and characterize the antidiabetic active compounds from extract. LC-MS for most active extract was taken and bioinformatics was collected by PASS. PASS is the computer generated program which provides the simultaneous prediction of several hundreds of biological activity types for any drug-like compounds. In this bio informatics software prediction is based on the analysis of structure-activity relationships of (SAR) the training set including more than 30000 known biologically active compounds .The most active antidiabetic constituent in the ethanolic extract of Berberis aristatawas confirmed as Quercetin and other antidiabetic active constituent was confirmed as Kaempferol. In this present study Acute toxicity study was carried out in rats. The procedure was followed by using OECD 423 (Acute Toxic Class Method). The acute toxic with diabetes in India (2011). This number is expected to increase to 101.2 million by 2030. There are many synthetic drugs used for the treatment of diabetes such as Glibenclamide-sulphonylureas were used in India as combination therapy because of its more side effects were reported. Several literatures indicated that the herbal drugs are less adverse effect when compared with synthetic drugs. Berberis aristata one of most traditionally using hypoglycemic drug among tribes in Africa and its same species K.Pinnata was scientifically reported but Berberis aristata is not scientifically validated. Based on the above mentioned reasons, one new research is required to develop one new drug with activity and less side effects, which will be work multifactorial anti diabetic mechanism. Allopathic medicines are very costly In contrast, herbal medicines are very cheap. This cost effectiveness makes them all the more alluring. The work provides scientific validation for the use of leaf against diabetes by revealing the chemical compounds may be present in the plant. The prediction of biological activity of the chemical compounds present in the extract wills also supports the invitro results after its phytochemical analysis. Herbal drugs were expelled milde side effects reported in literatues. The present study is attempt to develop a novel plant based antidiabetic drug, which will be evaluated by using Invitro and Invivo methods. class method is a step wise procedure with three animals of a single sex per step. Average two to three steps may be necessary. The method used to defined doses (2000, 1000, 500, 50, 5 mg/kg body weight, Up-and-Down Procedure). The starting dose level of EEKAGA was 2000 mg/kg body weight p.o as most of the crude extracts posses LD50 value more than 2000 mg/kg p.o and also found to be the maximum safe dose. Observe for signs for toxicity and were noted for 14 days. The onset of toxicity and signs of toxicity also noted. Hence, 1/10th (200mg/kg) and 1/5th (400mg/kg) of this dose were selected for further study.The principle involved in the alloxan induced diabetes mellitus in rats, Alloxan, a beta cytotoxic, diabetes induced chemical but wide variety of animal species by damaging the insulin secreting cells of the pancreas. Literature sources indicate that the alloxan induced rats are hyperglycaemic. The treatment of lower doses of alloxan (100mg/kg b.w.) produced partial destruction of pancreatic β-cells even though the animals become permanently diabetic. Thus these animals have surviving β- cells and regeneration is possible. It is well known that the sulfonylurea’s act by directly stimulating the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans to release more insulin and these compounds are active in mild alloxan induced diabetes. Invivo anti diabetic screening was performed for the confirmation of above mechanism of action was undergone the ethanolic extract of Berberis aristatain biological system (Wich was already resulted for α-amylase inhibitory activity by Invitro and constituents analysis by LCMS methods). At the end of the the ethanolic extract of Berberis Aristata.(200 mg/kg p.o, 400 mg/kg p.o.) showed statistically significant decrease in blood glucose levels. So the ethanolic extract of Berberis aristata showed antidiabetic activity. This work will be useful for further diabetes mellitus and it’s related diseases research worker to develop new entity for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: Extraction of leaf was done by sequential extraction method The leaves of Berberis aristata using the solvent with increasing polarity order ( petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol) and the active extract was tested by invitro antidiabetic screening method. The invitro antidiabetic study have been performed based on the α- amylase inhibition assay. Each extracts were tested for α-amylase inhibition and the extract with minimum IC50 have been undergone phyto chemical screening. The preliminary phytochemical tests was performed to identify the active phytochemicals present in the ethanolic extract of Berberis aristata and showed the presence of Phenols, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Saponins and Terpenoids. LCMS analysis and PASS (bioinformatic software) was performed four compounds were found out Kaempferol, Rhamnetin, Rhamnoxanthin, Quercetin and luteolin. The antidiabetic constituents were found to be Quercetin (more active) and Kaempferol (less active). Finally the invivo antidiabetic activity of Ethanolic extract of Berberis aristata leaf was tested by using alloxan induced diabetic rat. Acute toxicity study was carried out in rats. The procedure was followed by OECD 423(Acute toxicity class method).1/10th (200mg/kg)and 1/5th (400mg/kg)of the maximum safe dose (2000mg/kg)were selected for further study. Fasting blood sample were drawn from retino orbital puncture of rats at weekly intervals till the end of the study 1,7 and 14 days. On these days fasting blood glucose were collected and and analysed for glucose. At the end of the study (14th day)the ethanolic extract of Berberis aristata leaf (200mg/kg p.o and 400 mg/kg p.o) treated diabetic groups showed statistically significant decrease in blood glucose similar to the standard drug glibenclamide (2mg/kg), which indicated block the alfa amyalase activity and antagonize the alloxan action.The present study suggested that the isolation of active constituents from ethanolic extract of Berberis aristata leaf and characterize the compounds by using preliminary phytochemical studies and LCMS instrument used to isolate the compounds like Quercetin and Kaemferol were confirmed by confirmatory chemical tests

Wear Behavior of Functionally Graded Automotive Brake Pad on Hybrid Composite

The aim of this paper is to develop new organic composite functionally graded automotive brake pad is introduced. In this research work to improve the coefficient friction and wear resistance of brake pad by using functionally graded natural fibre and their brake additives. Coconut fibre is the one of the alternate research natural fibre, it is used for improving heat resistance and strength of the brake pad. Hence, coconut fibre has its own potential for use as filler in brake pads. Different laboratory formulations were prepared with varying coconut fibre, friction modifiers, abrasive material and solid lubricant using powder metallurgy technique. The pin on wear disc equipment is used to validate the responses for the prepared specimen. By the way of increase the coefficient of friction and wear resistance coconut fibre plays as the major role for the responses. Hence, natural coconut fibre is a potential candidate fibre for the automotive brake pad material

Thin films of unsubstituted and fluorinated palladium phthalocyanines: structure and sensor response toward ammonia and hydrogen

In the present work, we study and compare the structure and sensing properties of thin films of unsubstituted palladium phthalocyanine (PdPc) and hexadecafluorosubstituted palladium phthalocyanine (PdPcF16). Thin films of PdPc and PdPcF16 were obtained by the method of organic molecular beam deposition and their structure was studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy techniques. The electrical sensor response of PdPc films toward ammonia and hydrogen was investigated and compared with that of PdPcF16 films. The nature of interaction between the phthalocyanines films and some gaseous analyte molecules has been clarified using Quantum chemical (DFT) calculations

Should all patients with a culture-negative periprosthetic joint infection be treated with antibiotics?:A multicentre observational study

Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of culture-negative periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) when adequate methods of culture are used, and to evaluate the outcome in patients who were treated with antibiotics for a culture-negative PJI compared with those in whom antibiotics were withheld. Methods: A multicentre observational study was undertaken: 1,553 acute and 1,556 chronic PJIs, diagnosed between 2013 and 2018, were retrospectively analyzed. Culture-negative PJIs were diagnosed according to the Muskuloskeletal Infection Society (MSIS), International Consensus Meeting (ICM), and European Bone and Joint Society (EBJIS) definitions. The primary outcome was recurrent infection, and the secondary outcome was removal of the prosthetic components for any indication, both during a follow -up period of two years. Results: None of the acute PJIs and 70 of the chronic PJIs (4.7%) were culture-negative; a total of 36 culture-negative PJIs (51%) were treated with antibiotics, particularly those with histological signs of infection. After two years of follow -up, no recurrent infections occurred in patients in whom antibiotics were withheld. The requirement for removal of the components for any indication during follow -up was not significantly different in those who received antibiotics compared with those in whom antibiotics were withheld (7.1% vs 2.9%; p = 0.431). Conclusion: When adequate methods of culture are used, the incidence of culture-negative PJIs is low. In patients with culture-negative PJI, antibiotic treatment can probably be withheld if there are no histological signs of infection. In all other patients, diagnostic efforts should be made to identify the causative microorganism by means of serology or molecular techniques

d-(+)-Galactose-Conjugated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as New Chemical Probes for Electrochemical Biosensors for the Cancer Marker Galectin-3

d-(+)-Galactose-conjugated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were synthesized for use as biosensors to detect the cancer marker galectin-3. To investigate the binding of galectin-3 to the d-(+)-galactose-conjugated SWCNTs, an electrochemical biosensor was fabricated by using molybdenum electrodes. The binding affinities of the conjugated SWCNTs to galectin-3 were quantified using electrochemical sensitivity measurements based on the differences in resistance together with typical I-V characterization. The electrochemical sensitivity measurements of the d-(+)-galactose-conjugated SWCNTs differed significantly between the samples with and without galectin-3. This indicates that d-(+)-galactose-conjugated SWCNTs are potentially useful electrochemical biosensors for the detection of cancer marker galectin-3