33 research outputs found

    Plant latex lipase as biocatalysts for biodiesel production

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    Industrial-scale processes currently developed make use of chemical catalysis processes that are highly efficient but require very complex product purification steps. Enzymatic catalysis through plant lipases as biocatalysts is an alternative which, in contrast to chemical catalysis processes, appeared simple to perform, and can be done at low investment cost. Although microbial lipases have been extensively studied, little research has been focused on the use of plant lipases namely plant latex lipases. The present article outlines the most advanced knowledge concerning plant latex characterization in order to show how plant latex can be a promising alternative to catalyze transesterification for biodiesel production. This paper provides an overview regarding the main aspects of latex, such as the reactions catalyzed, physiological functions, specificities, sources and their industrial applications.Keywords: Plant latex, lipase, Transesterification, purification, biodiese

    Agronomic evaluation and quality characteristics of three Cucurbitaceae varieties acclimated in Benin

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    The present study aimed to evaluate some agronomical, physical and nutritional characteristics of seeds of three species of Cucurbitaceous, namely Citrulus lanatus, Lagenaria siceraria and Cucumeropsis edulus. Agronomic experiments were investigated over a two-year period during which, some agronomic performances of the tested varieties were evaluated. The physical characteristics of the collected fruits were also determined. The nutritional composition of the seeds, in particular their moisture, oils and proteins contents were then evaluated. Finally, the physicochemical characteristics, such as acidity, peroxide index, saponification index and the composition of fatty acids present in the oils extracted from seeds were performed. Results show that the species of C. lanatus and L. siceraria germinated respectively five and seven days after sowing. The flowering was observed 36 and 42 days, respectively, after sowing while the fructification appeared 44 and 58 days after sowing. According to results obtained during the two years of experimentation, the three species of Cucurbitaceous investigated in the present study could be ranged in short-cycle species (C. lanatus and L. siceraria) and long cycle species (C. edulus). Moreover, C. lanatus could be classified as the most productive as compared to others species of Cucurbitaceous plants investigated in the present study. C. edulus seeds are the longest (1.76 and 1.83 cm) in opposition to the seeds from C. lanatus (1.33 and 1.49 cm). Results of physicochemical analyses revealed the presence of fat (49.5 - 51.9%), with a high protein contents (18.46 - 31.41%). The composition of the fatty acids detected in oils extracted from seeds showed a strong concentration of linoleic acid (66.65%) and the presence of oleic acid (13.76%). The high unsaturated fatty acids proportion detected in oils from L. siceraria seeds was 80.40%. The saturated fatty acids detected were C16:0 and C18:0; and were more concentrated in the species of C. lanatus.Key words: Cucurbitaceous, Citrullus lanatus, Lagenaria siceraria, Cucumeropsis edulis, oil, seeds, Benin

    Analyse des pratiques de production et qualité des poissons fumés commercialisés au sud-Bénin

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       Cette Ă©tude vise Ă  analyser les pratiques de production et Ă©valuer la qualitĂ© des poissons fumĂ©s commercialisĂ©s au Sud-BĂ©nin. A cet effet, une enquĂȘte a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e auprĂšs de trente (30) transformatrices spĂ©cialisĂ©es dans le fumage du poisson. Les donnĂ©es relatives aux espĂšces de poissons fumĂ©s, aux procĂ©dĂ©s et Ă©quipements de fumage puis aux contraintes des transformatrices de poisson ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es sur cinq (05) sites de fumage prĂ©alablement identifiĂ©s (Calavi Kpota, Xwlacodji, Bohicon, Dangbo et ComĂ©) Ă  raison de six (06) transformatrices par site. Les qualitĂ©s physicochimiques et microbiologiques de 60 Ă©chantillons constituĂ©s de quatre (04) espĂšces de poissons (Clarias, Tilapias, Maquereaux et Chinchards) les plus fumĂ©es et collectĂ©es de façon alĂ©atoire ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es suivant des mĂ©thodes standards. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont montrĂ© que les  Clarias et Tilapias puis les  Maquereaux et Chinchards sont respectivement les deux espĂšces de poissons locaux et importĂ©s  les plus fumĂ©es dans la zone d’étude selon 65% des productrices. L’étude a permis de rĂ©pertorier quatre technologies de fumage de poisson au Sud du BĂ©nin : la technologie artisanale TA1  la plus pratiquĂ©e (100 % des transformatrices) suivie de la technologie TA2 (3,33%) puis les technologies semi-amĂ©liorĂ©es TSA1 (16,66%) et TSA2 (6,66%). Les technologies artisanales TA1 et TA2 sont essentiellement basĂ©es sur l’utilisation des foyers en tonneau mĂ©tallique (100 %), en terre cuite et barrique (76,66%) et des foyers Nansou (3,33 %) tandis que les semi-amĂ©liorĂ©es TSA1 et TSA2 utilisent respectivement les fours FTT-Thiaroye et QualiSani avec du charbon comme combustible. L’analyse de la qualitĂ© physicochimique a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une variabilitĂ© entre les pH (6,24 Ă  7,4), les teneurs en eau (24,2 Ă  54,34 %), en protĂ©ines (38,64 Ă  53,68 %) et en lipides (2,38 Ă  16,63 %) des poissons fumĂ©s. Les indices de peroxyde des diffĂ©rentes huiles (11,63 Ă  23,85 meq O2/kg) indiquent un dĂ©but d’altĂ©ration dans les poissons fumĂ©s collectĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats microbiologiques ont montrĂ© la prĂ©sence, des Germes AĂ©robies MĂ©sophiles Totales (GAMT) (2,2 Ă  7,2 105 UFC/g), des Coliformes totaux (1,5 Ă  4,2 103 UFC/g), des Coliformes fĂ©caux (<1 Ă  8,2101 UFC/g)  et des Escherichia coli (2,8 Ă  8,2 UFC/g) pour la majoritĂ© des Ă©chantillons et prĂ©sentent des valeurs non conformes Ă  la norme exceptĂ©s les salmonelles qui sont absents. La nĂ©cessitĂ© d’amĂ©liorer les diffĂ©rentes pratiques s’avĂšre donc nĂ©cessaire en vue d’obtenir les produits finis de qualitĂ©. This study aims to analyze production practices and assess the quality of smoked fish marketed in southern Benin. To this end, a survey was conducted among thirty (30) processors specializing in the smoking of fish. Data relating to the species of smoked fish, the smoking processes and equipment and then the constraints of the fish processors were collected on five (05) previously identified smoking sites (Calavi Kpota, Xwlacodji, Bohicon, Dangbo and ComĂ©) at a rate of six (06) transformers per site. The physicochemical and microbiological qualities of 60 samples made up of four (04) species of fish (Clarias, Tilapias, Mackerel and Horse mackerel) the most smoked and collected at random were evaluated using standard methods. The results obtained showed that Clarias and Tilapias then Mackerel and Horse mackerel are respectively the two most smoked local and imported fish species in the study area according to 65% of the producers. The study made it possible to identify four fish smoking technologies in southern Benin: the most widely practiced artisanal TA1 technology (100% of women processors) followed by TA2 technology (3.33%) then the semi-improved TSA1 technologies ( 16.66%) and TSA2 (6.66%). The TA1 and TA2 artisanal technologies are essentially based on the use of metal barrel stoves (100%), terracotta and barrel (76.66%) and Nansou stoves (3.33%) while the semi-improved TSA1 and TSA2 respectively use the FTT-Thiaroye and QualiSani ovens with coal as fuel. The analysis of the physicochemical quality revealed a variability between the pH (6.24 to 7.4), the water content (24.2 to 54.34%), protein (38.64 to 53.68% ) and lipids (2.38 to 16.63%) of smoked fish. The peroxide indices of the different oils (11.63 to 23.85 meq O2/kg) indicate the onset of spoilage in smoked fish. The microbiological results showed the presence of Total Mesophilic Aerobic Germs (GAMT) (2.2 to 7.2 105 CFU/g), Total Coliforms (1.5 to 4.2 103 CFU/g), Faecal Coliforms (<1 to 8.2101 CFU/g) and Escherichia coli (2.8 to 8.2 CFU/g) for the majority of the samples and show values that do not comply with the standard except salmonella which are absent. The need to improve the various practices is therefore necessary in order to obtain quality finished products

    Occurrence of mycotoxins and associated mycoflora in peanut cake product (kulikuli) marketed in Benin

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    The detection of spoilage fungi and mycotoxins contamination in peanut cake product, popularly called ‘‘kulikuli’’ was investigated in this study. Forty five major markets were sampled and peanut cake products were analyzed for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A contaminations, and associated mycoflora. Total coliform count ranged between 1.6 × 101 and 14.0 × 102 CFU g-1, while the fungal count was between 1.0 to 8.1 × 102 CFU g-1. Bacteria isolated from peanut cake product were Eschericha coli, Klebsiella spp. and Clostridium spp. The fungal isolates include Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp. being the dominant microflora in decreasing frequency of occurrence. High concentrations of aflatoxins were detected. They were between 25.54 to 455.22 ÎŒg/kg for AFB1, 33.94 to 491.20 ÎŒg/kg for AFB2, 0.41 to 100.33 ÎŒg/kg for AFG1 and 22.04 to 87.73 ÎŒg/kg for AFG2. Ochratoxin A concentrations ranged between 0.3 and 2 ÎŒg/kg. The coexistence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OTA) in peanut was also established. The results show that peanut cake product sold in market was highly contaminated and therefore unacceptable for human nutrition.Key words: Peanut cake, fungi, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

    CaractĂ©risation de l’alimentation des jeunes enfants ĂągĂ©s de 6 Ă  36 mois en milieu rural et urbain du Sud– BĂ©nin

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    Objectif: La pĂ©riode d’alimentation complĂ©mentaire est une pĂ©riode critique pour la croissance de l’enfant. Cette Ă©tude vise Ă  dĂ©crire l’alimentation des jeunes enfants ĂągĂ©s de 6 Ă  36 mois en milieu rural et urbain du Sud-BĂ©nin.MĂ©thodologie et RĂ©sultats: Une enquĂȘte transversale a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e sur 600 mĂšres ayant des enfants ĂągĂ©s de 6 Ă  36 mois dans les zones rurales et urbaines du sud-BĂ©nin, oĂč la prĂ©valence de la malnutrition chronique est Ă©levĂ©e (prĂ©valence variant de 40 % Ă  43 %). Les caractĂ©ristiques socio-Ă©conomiques de la population, les connaissances (dĂ©finition correcte de l'alimentation complĂ©mentaire) et les pratiques (Ăąge d'introduction de l'aliment de complĂ©ment, les caractĂ©ristiques des aliments de complĂ©ment) ont Ă©tĂ© documentĂ©es. L'analyse en composante principale a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour identifier les associations entre les caractĂ©ristiques socioĂ©conomiques de la population et les pratiques d’alimentation des jeunes enfants de 6 Ă  36 mois. Dans l’ensemble, 65% des mĂšres mĂ©connaissent la notion d’alimentation complĂ©mentaire. L’introduction prĂ©coce des aliments de complĂ©ment est observĂ©e dans 48.5% des cas. La bouillie dans 99.16% des cas est le premier aliment de complĂ©ment donnĂ© aux enfants. Globalement, 67% des mĂšres utilisent des bouillies locales, peu enrichies avec des matiĂšres protĂ©iques. La consommation de bouillie issue des farines infantiles vendues dans le commerce est associĂ©e au milieu urbain alors que la bouillie locale est associĂ©e au milieu rural.Conclusion et application des rĂ©sultats: Les bouillies locales sont peu enrichies avec des matiĂšres protĂ©iques et les frĂ©quences de consommation journaliĂšre sont faibles. Ces rĂ©sultats rĂ©vĂšlent l’importance d’amĂ©liorer les procĂ©dĂ©s et formulations traditionnelles des bouillies, stratĂ©gies endogĂšnes durables qui mĂ©ritent d’ĂȘtre encouragĂ©es par l’éducation nutritionnelle pour la production de bouillies enrichies Ă  haute valeur nutritionnelle avec des matiĂšres premiĂšres locales accessibles pour couvrir les besoins nutritionnels et Ă©nergĂ©tiques des jeunes enfants, gage d’une croissance optimale.Mots clĂ©s: Alimentation, enfants de 6 Ă  36 mois, bouillies, BĂ©ninEnglish Title: Characterization of the feeding of young children aged 6 to 36 months in rural and urban areas of the South BeninEnglish AbstractObjective: The period of complementary feeding is a critical period for the growth of the child. This study aims to describe the feeding of young children aged 6 to 36 months in rural and urban areas of the South Benin.Methodology and Results: A cross sectional survey was conducted on 600 mothers having children aged 6 to 36 months in rural and urban areas of the South Benin, where the prevalence of chronic malnutrition is high (prevalence between 40% to 43%). The socio economics data, knowledge (correct definition of complementary feeding) and practices (age of introduction of Complementary Foods, characteristics of Complementary Foods) were collected. Analysis of principal component was used to identify the associations between the socio economics data and feeding practices for 6 to 36 months’ young children. About, 65% of mothers ignore the concept of complementary feeding. The early introduction of complementary foods was observed in 48.5% of cases. Porridge in 99.16% of cases is the first complementary food given to children. Overall, 67% of mothers use local porridges slightly enriched with protein feeds. Porridge based on commercial infant flour consumption is associated with the urban area while local porridge is associated with rural areas.Conclusion and application and results: Local porridge is poorly enriched with protein feeds in rural areas and the frequencies of daily consumption are low. These results reveal the importance of improving the processes and traditional formulations of local porridges. Sustainable strategies that need to be encouraged by mothers ‘nutritional education for the production of enriched porridges with high nutritional value and local raw materials accessible in order to cover the nutritional requirements and energy need of young children, pledge of an optimal growth.Keywords: feeding, children of 6 to 36 months, porridges, Beni

    EnquĂȘtes Ethnobotaniques et CaractĂ©risation des Pratiques EndogĂšnes de Gestion des Ravageurs sur Quelques Sites MaraĂźchers au Sud-BĂ©nin

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    L’une des contraintes liĂ©es Ă  la production maraĂźchĂšre, est la pression exercĂ©e par les insectes ravageurs. Ce travail a consistĂ© en une enquĂȘtes ethnobotaniques et caractĂ©risation des pratiques endogĂšnes de gestion des ravageurs sur quelques sites maraĂźchers au sud-BĂ©nin, dans le cadre de la formulation des pesticides botaniques pour la gestion des principaux ravageurs de cultures maraĂźchĂšres. Cette Ă©tude est basĂ©e sur les caractĂ©ristiques socioĂ©conomiques des enquĂȘtĂ©s, l’état de connaissances du producteur sur les cultures maraĂźchĂšres, les contraintes et mĂ©thodes de lutte des cultures, et les mĂ©thodes d’utilisation de la plante. Un questionnaire d’enquĂȘte portant sur l’étude ethnobotanique des plantes et la caractĂ©risation des pratiques endogĂšnes de gestion des nuisible a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©e et adressĂ© auprĂšs 240 maraĂźchers sur une pĂ©riode de trois mois (de mai 2018 Ă  Juillet 2018) pour la collecte des donnĂ©es. Ces donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© soumises Ă  une analyse descriptive et une analyse en composante principale. L’étude a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que 12 espĂšces de lĂ©gumes sont cultivĂ©es par les maraĂźchers de la zone d’étude Ă  cause de leur cycle assez court et leur prĂ©fĂ©rence par les consommateurs. Ces lĂ©gumes sont dominĂ©s par la grande morelle, le chou, la tomate et la carotte en termes de proportion. Le recours aux pesticides de synthĂšse non homologuĂ©s pour le contrĂŽle des ravageurs reste la mĂ©thode de lutte la plus utilisĂ©e. Les connaissances ethnobotaniques collectĂ©es sur quatre plantes Ă  savoir : le neem, le moringa, le papayer et le tabac, au cours de nos enquĂȘtes sont trĂšs riches mais dĂ©tenues par trĂšs peu de personnes, majoritairement ĂągĂ©es d’au moins 50 ans (88,98%). Ces plantes se rĂ©partissent en quatre familles (Caricaceae, Moringaceae, MĂ©liacĂ©es, SolanacĂ©es) dont les MĂ©liacĂ©es sont les plus utilisĂ©es. Les parties des plantes les plus utilisĂ©es sont les feuilles et les graines. Cette collection de plantes indiquĂ©es par les maraĂźchers dans la lutte contre les ravageurs des cultures maraĂźchĂšres peut constituer une base des donnĂ©es pour des tests biologiques et des analyses phytochimiques. One of the constraints related to vegetable production is the insect pests pressure. This work consisted of ethnobotanical surveys and characterization of endogenous pest management practices in a few gardening sites in southern Benin, as part of the formulation of botanical pesticides for the management of major gardening pests. This study is based on the socioeconomic characteristics of the surveyeds, the state of knowledge of the producer on gardening, constraints and methods of the crop control, and methods of the plant use. A survey quiz on the ethnobotanical study of plants and the characterization of endogenous pest management practices was developed and sent to 240 market gardeners over a period of three months (May 2018 to July 2018) for data collection. These data were subjected to a descriptive analysis and a principal component analysis. The study revealed that 12 species of vegetables are grown by market gardeners in the study area because of their rather short cycle and their preference by consumers. These vegetables are dominated by large nightshade, cabbage, tomato and carrot in terms of proportion. The use of unregistered synthetic pesticides for pest control remains the most widely used control method. The ethnobotanical knowledge collected on four plants namely: neem, moringa, papaya and tobacco, during our surveys are very rich but held by very few people, mostly aged at least 50 years (88,98 %). These plants are divided into four families (Caricaceae, Moringaceae, Meliaceae, Solanaceae) whose Meliaceae are the most used. The most used plant parts are leaves and seeds. This collection of plants indicated by market gardeners in the fight against vegetable crop pests can constitute a database for biological tests and phytochemical analyzes

    Evaluation Au Laboratoire De L’effet Larvicide Du Baume De Cajou Et De Trois Huiles VĂ©gĂ©tales À Base Des Plantes De Tephrosia Purpurea, Ricinus Communis Et Thevetia Neriifolia Pour ContrĂŽler Les Populations De Plutella Xylostella L. 1758 (Lepidoptere, Pl

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    Cette Ă©tude a Ă©valuĂ© l’effet larvicide du baume de cajou extrait Ă  froid et de trois huiles vĂ©gĂ©tales Ă  base des plantes de Tephrosia purpurea, Ricinus communis et Thevetia neriifolia, dans les conditions d’élevage au laboratoire de Plutella xylostella L. 1758 (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) insecte ravageur du chou au BĂ©nin. L’efficacitĂ© des biopesticides Ă©tudiĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©e Ă  celle d’un insecticide de synthĂšse (Lambda cyalothrine) et Ă  celle d’un pesticide botanique de rĂ©fĂ©rence (Topbio). Des tests ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s sur les larves des stades 2 et 3 de P. xylostella. Deux expĂ©rimentations ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es dans cette Ă©tude. Dans la premiĂšre expĂ©rimentation, les produits ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s sur le stade L3 de P. xylostella, avec les doses de 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% et 10% de chacun des produits vĂ©gĂ©taux et de Lambda Cyhalothrine. A la deuxiĂšme expĂ©rimentation, les mĂȘmes produits vĂ©gĂ©taux ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es sur le stade L2 du mĂȘme insecte avec les doses de 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2% et 1% comparĂ©es au tĂ©moin de rĂ©fĂ©rence Lambda cyalothrine aux doses de 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%,1%, 0,5%. Les mortalitĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es toutes les 24 heures jusqu’au neuviĂšme jour aprĂšs exposition. Le dispositif utilisĂ© pour les tests biologiques est un bloc complĂštement randomisĂ©. La formule d’Abbott a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour corriger les taux de mortalitĂ© au niveau des insectes traitĂ©s. Les variables mesurĂ©es sont la mortalitĂ© des larves, la formation des chrysalides et l’émergence des adultes. Ces variables sont soumises Ă  une analyse de variance avec le logiciel XLSTAT version 2019. Les DL 50 pour cinq jours ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es suivant le modĂšle de regression de Cox de dĂ©termination de la dose correspondante Ă  une proportion. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les huiles vĂ©gĂ©tales et le baume de cajou sont les biopesticides prometteurs pour le contrĂŽle des populations de P. xylostella. Pour la premiĂšre expĂ©rimentation, les taux de mortalitĂ© des larves L3 de P. xylostella n’étaient pas significativement diffĂ©rents entre les doses d’application de 25% de Topbio et d’huile de T. purpurea. Des mortalitĂ©s de 100% ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©es avec les doses de 100%, 75%, 50% et 25% de tous les produits utilisĂ©s sur le stade L2 et L3. Lors de la deuxiĂšme expĂ©rimentation, 100% de mortalitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©es Ă  une dose d’application de 10% respectivement pour le Topbio, l’huile de T. purpurea, le CNSL, et l’huile de R. communis. Aucune diffĂ©rence significative n’a Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©e au seuil de 5% entre les doses de 10% d’huile de T. purpurea et 3% du tĂ©moin de rĂ©fĂ©rence Lambda cyalothrine. Les tĂ©moins ont enregistrĂ© le plus fort taux de chrysalides et d’adultes. Ces deux paramĂštres ont Ă©tĂ© fonction de la dose. Pour tous les produits utilisĂ©s, quel que soit le stade larvaire de P. xylostella, la rĂ©ponse effet/dose a Ă©tĂ© significative. Le baume de cajou et les trois huiles vĂ©gĂ©tales se positionnent comme une alternative aux pesticides de synthĂšses pouvant ĂȘtre utilisĂ© en culture maraĂźchĂšre.   This study aims to evaluate the larvicidal effect of three vegetable oils: Tephrosia purpurea, Ricinus communis, Thevetia neriifolia, and cashew balm in the management of Plutella xylostella L. 1758 (Lepidoptere, plutellidae) pest insects of cabbage in the laboratory. The efficacy of the extracts has been compared to that of a synthetic insecticide (Lambda cyalothrin) and that of a botanical pesticide (Topbio). Larval tests were carried out on larvae of stages 2 and 3. Two experiments were set up in this study. In the first experiment, the products were tested on the L3 stage of P. xylostella, with the doses of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 10% while in the second, the same products were tested on the L2 stage of the same insect with the doses of 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2% and 1% compared to the reference control Lambda cyalothrin at the doses of 10%, 5%, 3 %, 2%, 1%, 0.5%. The mortalities were read 24 hours after exposure until the ninth day. The device used for biological tests is a completely randomized block. Abbott's formula has been used to correct mortality rates for treated insects. The variables measured are the mortality rate, the formation of pupae and the emergence of adults. These variables are subjected to an analysis of variance with the XLSTAT software version 2019. The LD 50 for eight days were determined according to the Cox regression method of determining the dose corresponding to a proportion. The results showed that vegetable oils and cashew balm are the promising species in the management of dose-dependent P. xylostella. For the first experiment, the mortality rates of L3 larvae of P. xylostella were not significantly different between the 25% application doses of Topbio and T. purpurea. Mortalities ranging from 100% were recorded with the doses of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of all the products used on the L2 and L3 stages. During the second experiment, 100% mortality was recorded at an application dose of 10% respectively for Topbio, T. purpurea, CNSL, and R. communis. No significant difference was recorded at the 5% threshold between the 10% doses of T. purpurea and 3% of the reference control Lambda cyalothrin. Witnesses recorded the highest rate of pupae and adults. These two parameters were a function of the dose. For all the products used, whatever the larval stage of P. xylostella, the effect / dose response was significant. Cashew balm and the three vegetable oils are positioned as an alternative to synthetic pesticides that can be used in market gardening
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