Linkages between leaf traits and productivity in two resource-limited ecosystems

Leaf traits have long been used to classify and characterise species in natural ecosystems. In addition, leaf traits provide important information about plants’ strategies for the use of resources and can be used to improve our understanding of ecosystem level processes such as nutrient cycling and carbon allocation. To explore the linkages between leaf traits and productivity, we worked in two resource-limited ecosystems (a grassland and a forest), and used leaf traits to understand how species respond to changes in available resources and their relationship to ecosystem processes. We worked in a species rich limestone-grassland located in central England, which has been subjected to long-term climatic manipulation (winter warming, summer drought and extra summer rainfall). We characterised species composition in terms of their identity, abundance and leaf structural properties (nitrogen content and leaf mass per area (LMA)) in the main treatments and the control. We found that change in species abundance was the most important factor to understand the differences in productivity (above ground biomass and total foliar nitrogen). We then measured CO2 exchange at ecosystem level, using a chamber technique, and assessed the treatments’ effect on the gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco). GPP and Reco were controlled by soil moisture and above ground biomass but also influenced by the conditions experienced during the growing season prior to the measuring period. Our second location was a post-disturbance chronosequence in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Costa Rica and we used leaf level gas exchange measurements to explore the role of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the temporal-spatial variation of photosynthesis of dominant species. We found that photosynthetic efficiency was strongly linked to leaf N and P content, but that there was an important seasonal pattern on this relationship likely associated to P remobilization. Additionally we found seasonal changes in resources (water, nutrients) had a larger impact on the photosynthetic parameters than changes along the chronosequence. The two ecosystems studied for this thesis are contrasting in their physiognomy, species composition and climate, but are also characterised by species whose structural traits (high LMA and high C:N ratio) are likely to have a significant impact on the nutrient cycling processes. We learned that leaf traits provide important information about species strategies and their usage of resources and they can also aid to address questions at ecosystem level in time and space, either through simple aggregation or as emergent properties. Additionally, the traits explored are important input information to up-scale processes from leaf to the ecosystem level, a step needed to address the effect changes in resources will have on the seasonally dry tropical forest and grasslands, which represent a significant fraction of the total global carbon storage

Shaking earth: Non-linear seismic processes and the second law of thermodynamics: A case study from Canterbury (New Zealand) earthquakes

We would like to express our gratitude to GeoNet for making available the data used in this work. This work was partially sup-ported by the RNM104 and RNM194 (Research Groups belonging to Junta de Andalucia, Spain) , the Spanish National Projects [grant project PID2019-109608GB-I00] , and the Junta de Andalucia Project [grant project A-RNM-421-UGR18] . English language editing was performed by Tornillo Scientific.Earthquakes are non-linear phenomena that are often treated as a chaotic natural processes. We propose the use of the Second Law of Thermodynamics and entropy, H, as an indicator of the equilibrium state of a seismically active region (a seismic system). In this sense, in this paper we demonstrate the exportability of first principles (e.g., thermodynamics laws) to others scientific fields (e.g., seismology). We suggest that the relationship between increasing H and the occurrence of large earthquakes reflects the irreversible transition of a system. From this point of view, a seismic system evolves from an unstable initial state (due to external stresses) to a state of reduced stress after an earthquake. This is an irreversible transition that entails an increase in entropy. In other words, a seismic system is in a metastable situation that can be characterised by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. We investigated two seismic episodes in the Canterbury area of New Zealand: the 2010 Christchurch earthquake (M = 7.2) and the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake (M = 7.8). The results are remarkably in line with our theoretical forecasts. In other words, an earthquake, understood as an irreversible transition, must results in an increase in entropy.Research Groups belonging to Junta de Andalucia, Spain RNM104- RNM194Spanish National Projects PID2019-109608GB-I00Junta de Andalucia A-RNM-421-UGR1

Rice yield in Costa Rican Central Pacific did not improve with a urease inhibitor

Urea is widely used as nitrogen (N) source for rice fertilization in Costa Rica, despite its low efficiency linked to ammonia losses. To assess urea management alternatives, two field experiments were conducted in the Central Pacific region of Costa Rica to study the effect of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on rice yield and N use efficiency (NUE). In Experiment 1 (Exp1) three tillage treatments (commercial-CT-, reduced-RT-, and reduced tillage with previous subsoiler-RTS-) were evaluated with three N managements: control (without N), urea at 124 kg N ha-1 with and without NBPT. In Experiment 2 (Exp2), a 100 kg N ha-1 rate (with and without NPBT) was evaluated along with a control (without N). NUE was estimated using 15N urea isotopic labeling technique for both trials. In Exp1, a significant difference of 4.8% in NUE for grain was observed among urea with and without NBPT, but no tillage effect was observed. No statistically significant differences were observed in yield among the fertilization treatments (Exp1: 3.56 ± 0.98 t ha-1 for urea and 3.85 ± 0.85 t ha-1 for urea with NBPT; Exp2: 3.38 ± 0.39 t ha-1 for urea and 3.40 ± 0.58 t ha-1 for urea with NBPT) or due to different tillage practices (CT: 3.33 ± 0.79 t ha-1, RT: 3.56 ± 0.74 t ha-1, and RTS: 4.23 ± 0.98 t ha-1). Although the NBPT is a viable option to reduce ammonia losses, its adoption in tropical conditions might be restricted by the small impact on yield

The microclimate of a shadehouse: palms and Zamia as indicators of acclimation to light

Se compararon algunas variables microclimáticas medidas simultáneamente en el interior y en el exterior de una casa de sombra de 720 m2, ubicada en la Estación Experimental Fabio Baudrit Moreno en Barrio San José de Alajuela (840 msnm), construida con un techo compuesto de materiales de sarán que generaron seis regímenes de luz en el interior (40% a 80%). Se utilizaron además nueve especies de palmas y una especie de Zamia como indicadores biológicos de aclimatación a la luz, a las que se les midió el área, el grosor y el contenido foliar de Nitrógeno. Los materiales de sarán cumplieron solo parcialmente con las especificaciones descritas por los fabricantes en cuanto a sus propiedades de intercepción de luz. La temperatura y la humedad relativa del aire en el interior de la casa de sombra no difirieron de los valores registrados en el exterior, lo que sugiere que la modificación de estas variables microclimáticas es importante solo en casas de sarán grandes. En contraste, la temperatura del suelo fue significativamente afectada por el régimen de sombra, lo que resultó en mayores temperaturas absolutas y mayores fluctuaciones diurnas en el suelo expuesto a 40% de intercepción de luz comparado con el de 80%. La distribución espacial de la lluvia también fue alterada significativamente en el interior de la casa de sombra como resultado de la orientación cóncava de la mayoría de los techos. Cuatro de las 10 especies vegetales utilizadas como indicadores de aclimatación a la luz no se establecieron a plena exposición solar, y la mayoría de las especies alcanzaron mayor área foliar a porcentajes de intercepción de luz menores a 70-80%. Se discuten las causas y las implicaciones de los cambios microclimáticos encontrados en las casas de sombra pequeñas, y se recomiendan modificaciones arquitectónicas de las casas de sombra en función de los propósitos del ambiente protegido.Shadehouses are one of the most common types of sheltered environments employed in tropical regions. The microclimatic modifications induced by these structures inside the shadehouse, their effects on the plants grown, and the relation between the architectural and functional characteristics of the shadehouses, remain unexplored. We measured the microclimate inside and out of a shadehouse of 720 m2, built at the Fabio Baudrit Experiment Station, University of Costa Rica. The roof designed with different shade materials created six light regimes inside the tent. We measured specifically: solar radiation, air temperature and humidity, rainfall spatial distribution, and soil temperature at 5, 10 and 15 cm depth. In addition, we evaluated plant acclimation to different light regimes by growing nine palm and a Zamia species under seven light regimes, including the control. The saran materials evaluated in this study complied only partially with the specifications provided by the manufacturers. Air temperature and relative humidity inside the shadehouse did not differ from the outside values, supporting early indications that changes in those variables are important only in large shadehouses. In contrast, soil temperature was significantly affected by the light regimes imposed. Higher values and larger fluctuations of soil temperature were observed at 40% than at 80% shade. Rainfall distribution inside the shadehouse was also significantly modified as a result of the predominantly concave orientation of the saran panels employed in shadehouse construction. Four out of the 10 species used as indicators of acclimation to light were not establish under full sun exposure, and most of the species exhibited their larger leaf area under shade regimes lower than 70-80%. The causes and implications of the environmental features observed inside small shadehouses are discussed, and modifications of the architectural design of shadehouses are proposed.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno (EEAFBM

Study of the flying ability of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) adults using a computer-monitored flight mill

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), native to tropical Asian regions, has become a serious threat to palm trees all over the world. Knowledge of its flight potential is vital to improving the preventive and curative measures currently used to manage this pest. As R. ferrugineus is a quarantine pest, it is difficult to study its flight potential in the field. A computer-monitored flight mill was adapted to analyse the flying ability of R. ferrugineus through the study of different flight parameters (number of flights, total distance flown, longest single flight, flight duration, and average and maximum speed) and the influence of the weevil s sex, age, and body size on these flight parameters. Despite significant differences in the adult body size (body weight and length) of males and females, the sex of R. ferrugineus adults did not have an influence on their flight potential. Neither adult body size nor age was found to affect the weevil s flying abilities, although there was a significantly higher percentage of individuals flying that were 8 23 days old than 1 7 days old. Compared to the longest single flight, 54% of the insects were classified as short-distance flyers (covering <100m) and 36 and 10% were classified as medium- (100 5000m) and long-distance (> 5000m), respectively. The results are compared with similar studies on different insect species under laboratory and field conditions.The authors wish to thank researcher Daniel Sauvard (INRA - Unite de Zoologie Forestiere - Orleans) for helping in the knowledge of the flight mill technique. For the help in the design and construction of the flight mill device, we thank Anna Comes and Inaki Moratal. For the reviews on the previous versions of this manuscript, we thank Ferran Garcia-Mari (Universitat Politecnica de Valencia - Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterraneo) and Apostolos Pekas (Biobest Belgium N. V.). This research was partially funded by the Foundation of the Comunidad Valencia for the Agroalimentary Research, Agroalimed, within the project named: Study of the flight behaviour and chromatic attraction in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus adults (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).Ávalos Masó, JA.; Martí Campoy, A.; Soto Tornero, MT. (2014). Study of the flying ability of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) adults using a computer-monitored flight mill. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 104(4):462-467. doi:10.1017/S0007485314000121S4624671044OEPP/EPPO (2008). Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Data sheets on quarantine pests. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2008.01195.x/pdf.Heath, R. R., Coffelt, J. A., Sonnet, P. E., Proshold, F. I., Dueben, B., & Tumlinson, J. H. (1986). Identification of sex pheromone produced by female sweetpotato weevil,Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 12(6), 1489-1503. doi:10.1007/bf01012367Llácer, E., Santiago-Álvarez, C., & Jacas, J. A. (2012). Could sterile males be used to vector a microbiological control agent? The case of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Beauveria bassiana. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 103(2), 241-250. doi:10.1017/s0007485312000582Larsson, M. C., Hedin, J., Svensson, G. P., Tolasch, T., & Francke, W. (2003). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29(3), 575-587. doi:10.1023/a:1022850704500Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Wu, K., Wyckhuys, K. A. G., & Heimpel, G. E. (2008). Flight Performance of the Soybean Aphid,Aphis glycines(Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Different Temperature and Humidity Regimens. Environmental Entomology, 37(2), 301-306. doi:10.1093/ee/37.2.301Abbas, M. S. T., Hanounik, S. B., Shahdad, A. S., & AI-Bagham, S. A. (2005). Aggregation pheromone traps, a major component of IPM strategy for the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in date palms (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Pest Science, 79(2), 69-73. doi:10.1007/s10340-005-0113-6Wattanapongsiri A. (1966) A revision of the genera Rhynchophorus and Dynamis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). PhD thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.OEPP/EPPO (2009) First record of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in: Morocco and Curaçao, Netherland Antilles. EPPO Reporting Service, Pest & Diseases 2009: No. 1.Jactel, H. (1993). INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY OF THE FLIGHT POTENTIAL OF IPS SEXDENTATUS BOERN. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN RELATION TO DAY OF EMERGENCE, SEX, SIZE, AND LIPID CONTENT. The Canadian Entomologist, 125(5), 919-930. doi:10.4039/ent125919-5Eller, F. J., & Bartelt, R. J. (1996). Grandisoic Acid, a Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone from the Plum Curculio,Conotrachelusnenuphar. Journal of Natural Products, 59(4), 451-453. doi:10.1021/np960102wComing together and keeping apart: aggregation and host-marking pheromones. (2003). Pheromones and Animal Behaviour, 74-86. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511615061.005Jactel, H., & Gaillard, J. (1991). A preliminary study of the dispersal potential ofIps sexdentatus(Boern) (Col., Scolytidae) with an automatically recording flight mill. Journal of Applied Entomology, 112(1-5), 138-145. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1991.tb01039.xTanaka, K., & Yamanaka, T. (2009). Factors Affecting Flight Activity of Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an Exotic Insect in Japan. Environmental Entomology, 38(1), 235-241. doi:10.1603/022.038.0129SOUTHWOOD, T. R. E. (1962). MIGRATION OF TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS IN RELATION TO HABITAT. Biological Reviews, 37(2), 171-211. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1962.tb01609.xWu, H., Wu, K., Wang, D., & Guo, Y. (2006). Flight Potential of Pink Bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiellaSaunders (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Environmental Entomology, 35(4), 887-893. doi:10.1603/0046-225x-35.4.887Cooter, R. J., & Armes, N. J. (1993). Tethered Flight Technique for Monitoring the Flight Performance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environmental Entomology, 22(2), 339-345. doi:10.1093/ee/22.2.339Hallett, R. H., Gries, G., Gries, R., Borden, J. H., Czyzewska, E., Oehlschlager, A. C., … Rauf, A. (1993). Aggregation pheromones of two asian palm Weevils,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus andR. vulneratus. Naturwissenschaften, 80(7), 328-331. doi:10.1007/bf01141908Chen, H., Kaufmann, C., & Scherm, H. (2006). Laboratory Evaluation of Flight Performance of the Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99(6), 2065-2071. doi:10.1093/jee/99.6.2065Kloft, W., Kloft, E., Kanagaratnam, P., & Pinto, J. (2009). Studies on the Use of Radioisotopes for the Control of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferruginues F. by the Sterile Insect Technique. COCOS, 4(0), 11. doi:10.4038/cocos.v4i0.979Dubois, G. F., Le Gouar, P. J., Delettre, Y. R., Brustel, H., & Vernon, P. (2010). Sex-biased and body condition dependent dispersal capacity in the endangered saproxylic beetle Osmoderma eremita (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Journal of Insect Conservation, 14(6), 679-687. doi:10.1007/s10841-010-9296-0El-Sabea, A. M. R., Faleiro, J. R., & Abo-El-Saad, M. M. (2009). The threat of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus to date plantations of the Gulf region in the Middle-East: An economic perspective. Outlooks on Pest Management, 20(3), 131-134. doi:10.1564/20jun11Hughes, J., & Dorn, S. (2002). Sexual differences in the flight performance of the oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 103(2), 171-182. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00967.xMoriya, S., & Hiroyoshi, S. (1998). Flight and Locomotion Activity of the Sweet potato Weevil (Coleoptera: Brentidae) in Relation to Adult Age, Mating Status, and Starvation. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91(2), 439-443. doi:10.1093/jee/91.2.439Vit�, J. P., Bakke, A., & Hughes, P. R. (1974). Ein Populationslockstoff des zw�lfz�hnigen Kiefernborkenk�fersIps sexdentatus. Die Naturwissenschaften, 61(8), 365-366. doi:10.1007/bf00600309Weissling, T. J., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Center, B. J., & Hiyakawa, T. (1994). Flight Behavior and Seasonal Trapping of Rhynchophorus cruentatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87(5), 641-647. doi:10.1093/aesa/87.5.641Weissling, T. J., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Gries, G., Gries, R., Perez, A. L., Pierce, H. D., & Oehlschlager, A. C. (1994). Aggregation pheromone of palmetto weevil,Rhynchophorus cruentatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20(3), 505-515. doi:10.1007/bf02059593Sarvary, M. A., Hight, S. D., Carpenter, J. E., Bloem, S., Bloem, K. A., & Dorn, S. (2008). Identification of Factors Influencing Flight Performance of Field-Collected and Laboratory-Reared, Overwintered, and Nonoverwintered Cactus Moths Fed with Field-Collected Host Plants. Environmental Entomology, 37(5), 1291-1299. doi:10.1093/ee/37.5.1291Gries, G., Gries, R., Perez, A. L., Oehlschlager, A. C., Gonzales, L. M., Pierce, H. D., … Nanou, N. (1993). Aggregation pheromone of the African palm weevil,Rhynchophorus phoenicis F. Naturwissenschaften, 80(2), 90-91. doi:10.1007/bf01140426Rochat, D., Malosse, C., Lettere, M., Ducrot, P.-H., Zagatti, P., Renou, M., & Descoins, C. (1991). Male-produced aggregation pheromone of the american palm weevil,Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): Collection, identification, electrophysiogical activity, and laboratory bioassay. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 17(11), 2127-2141. doi:10.1007/bf00987996SCHUMACHER, P., WEyENETH, A., WEBER, D. C., & DORN, S. (1997). Long flights in Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) measured by a flight mill: influence of sex, mated status and age. Physiological Entomology, 22(2), 149-160. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1997.tb01152.

Allelopathic Activity of Strigolactones on the Germination of Parasitic Plants and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Growth

Strigolactones (SLs) are a prime example of allelochemicals, promoting parasitic plant germination and certain hyphal branching factors associated to the growth of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, the study of SLs is complex, and various issues have yet to be studied in depth. This review intends to provide an overview of the works that have been conducted on the identification, isolation, and evaluation of the allelopathic activity of natural canonical and non-canonical SLs on parasitic weeds and AMF growth. These topics were related with their application in agriculture through trap crops, suicidal germination or intercropping strategies. The high applicability of SLs in agriculture, for example, as preventing herbicides for parasitic weed control, has increased the interest for these compounds and the number of research articles published. This review updates and discusses the last findings in this field, with special emphasis in the results published since 2015, using tables and graphs to summarize and discuss that information. The promising results and conclusions obtained from the bioassays herein presented provide a good reason to encourage and support further research works on these natural products, which must also consider the disadvantages or current limitations that SLs present.This work was supported by the "Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad" (MINEICO), Spain, Project AGL2017-88-083-R; and by grants RTI2018-094350-B-C31 from the Spanish National R&D Plan of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Economy and Competitiveness (MICIU) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

Búsqueda de Genes de Uña de Gato (Uncaria tomentosa) mediante diseño bioinformático de primers basados en los datos obtenidos por microarreglos heterólogos de Arabidopsis thaliana, (II parte).

Proyecto de Investigación (Código: 5401-1510-9801) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Extensión (VIE). Escuela de Biología. Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CIB), 2014Debido a la importancia medicinal de Uncaria tomentosa, se han realizado varias investigaciones referentes a la producción de metabolitos secundarios de dicha planta. Con base a esto surge la necesidad de identificar a nivel genético secuencias que estuvieran relacionadas con metabolismo secundario. Gracias a un proyecto previo se contaba con mucha información que podía ser utilizada para identificar más secuencias de importancia por lo que se planteó este proyecto con el objetivo de obtener secuencias de genes de Uncaria tomentosa mediante diseño bioinformático de imprimadores basados en los datos obtenidos por microarreglos heterólogos de Arabidopsis thaliana. Para lograr los objetivos planteados, se desarrolló un software con el que se puede analizar la información obtenida mediante microarreglos de una forma más eficiente. Por otro lado, se obtuvo el transcriptoma a partir de muestras de ARN y los resultados obtenidos fueron analizados con la herramienta CLC Bio, complementando con otras como Blastx, Primer 3 y BioEdit. Con la información obtenida se diseñaron 4 pares de imprimadores para enzimas de metabolismo secundario y 2 pares de imprimadores para genes constitutivos. Con todos los imprimadores se obtuvieron amplicones que fueron secuenciados a través de la empresa Macrogen. Además, con los datos obtenidos del transcriptoma se elaboró una tabla con posibles secuencias genómicas de U. tomentosa, utilizando el software CLC Bio. Paralelamente se realizaron pruebas de elicitación en plantas in vitro y de invernadero utilizando los hongos Trichoderma sp y Penicillium sp para determinar si el estrés inducido por la presencia de estos microorganismos podría incrementar la producción de metabolitos secundarios. Se realizó una cromatografía de capa fina que parecía indicar que el estrés al que el hongo Trichoderma sp somete a la planta podría estimular la producción de metabolitos secundarios. Como producto de este proyecto, se cuenta con 4 posibles secuencias parciales de genes presentes en el ADN genómico de U. tomentosa que codifican para enzimas de metabolismo secundario así como los imprimadores respectivos para amplificarlos, además de dos pares de imprimadores para posibles genes constitutivos. Por otro lado, se facilitó el manejo de grandes bases de datos como la generada por microarreglos mediante el software E-Pathway. Se cuenta con el transcriptoma analizado y con un manual que servirá de guía para trabajar con los datos generados a partir de transcriptomas de otras especies. Además de 81 posibles secuencias genómicas de U. tomentosa.Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Extensión (VIE). Escuela de Biología. Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CIB

ESTERILIZACIÓN DE TEJIDOS CELULARES

Since the 1950s, they have been described skin storage procedures, thanks to advances in health sciences worldwide, in currently several methods have been described for obtaining sterile cell tissues suitable to be implanted in a human being and to guarantee both its operation and its harmlessness. Some of The methods described are ionizing radiation, ethylene oxide, the use of antibiotics an antifungals and the Immersion in 70% alcohol and acetone. Of these, the one better meets the objective are ionizing radiation mainl gamma radiation (there is already a plant in the country). In Costa Rica, to this day we have a Bank of Eyes, a Tissue Bank and the first Bank of Bone Tissues of Central America.Desde la década de los años 50 se han descrito procedimientos de almacenamiento de piel, gracias a los avances en ciencias de la salud a nivel mundial, en la actualidad se han descrito varios métodos empleados para la obtención de tejidos celulares estériles aptos para ser implantados en un ser humano y que garanticen tanto su funcionamiento como su inocuidad. Algunos de los métodos descritos son las radiaciones ionizantes, el óxido de etileno, el uso de antibióticos y antimicóticos y la inmersión en alcohol al 70% y acetona. De éstos, el que mejor cumple el objetivo son las radiaciones ionizantes principalmente la radiación gamma (ya hay una planta en el país). En Costa Rica, al día de hoy se tiene un Banco de Ojos, un Banco de Tejidos y el primer Banco de Tejidos Óseos de Centroamérica.&nbsp

Cuaderno de Trabajo Social N° 5

127 pag.Esta publicación contiene los siguientes artículos: Rol, Perfil y Espacio Profesional del Trabajo Social en el Ámbito Educativo ; Presentes y Ausentes: Los Podcast en la Formación Profesional del Trabajo Social ; Trabajo Social y Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación: Desafíos para la Formación Profesional ; Una Revisión de los Factores que están Desafiando a la Educación Superior: Consideraciones para la Educación Formal del Trabajo Social ; “Yo Quería Conocer Más Mundo”: La Migración Infantil vista por las Niñas y los Niños Peruanos en Santiago de Chile ; “Del No me Acuerdo, al No Olvido”. Una Nueva Reinterpretación de la Victimización de las Jóvenes Institucionalizadas en Centros de Reforma en Andalucía ; La Historia del Poder y el Poder de la Historia. A propósito del Intento que Hace una Minoría Social por Borrar las Huellas e sus Horribles Crímenes Cometidos en el Pasado

Design of a Computerised Flight Mill Device to Measure the Flight Potential of Different Insects

Several insect species pose a serious threat to different plant species, sometimes becoming a pest that produces significant damage to the landscape, biodiversity, and/or the economy. This is the case of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), Semanotus laurasii Lucas (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which have become serious threats to ornamental and productive trees all over the world such as palm trees, cypresses, and pines. Knowledge about their flight potential is very important for designing and applying measures targeted to reduce the negative effects from these pests. Studying the flight capability and behaviour of some insects is difficult due to their small size and the large area wherein they can fly, so we wondered how we could obtain information about their flight capabilities in a controlled environment. The answer came with the design of flight mills. Relevant data about the flight potential of these insects may be recorded and analysed by means of a flight mill. Once an insect is attached to the flight mill, it is able to fly in a circular direction without hitting walls or objects. By adding sensors to the flight mill, it is possible to record the number of revolutions and flight time. This paper presents a full description of a computer monitored flight mill. The description covers both the mechanical and the electronic parts in detail. The mill was designed to easily adapt to the anatomy of different insects and was successfully tested with individuals from three species R. ferrugineus, S. laurasii, and M. galloprovincialis.This research was partially funded by the Foundation of the Comunidad Valencia for Agroalimentary Research, Agroalimed, within the Project: Study of the flight behaviour and chromatic attraction in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus adults (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and CICYT projects CTM2011-29691-C02-01 and TIN2011-28435-C03-01.Martí-Campoy, A.; Ávalos Masó, JA.; Soto Sánchez, AI.; Rodríguez-Ballester, F.; Martínez-Blay, V.; Perez Malumbres, MJ. (2016). Design of a Computerised Flight Mill Device to Measure the Flight Potential of Different Insects. Sensors. 16(4):1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040485S12116