An atlas of chromatoid body components

The genome of male germ cells is actively transcribed during spermatogenesis to produce phase-specific protein-coding mRNAs and a considerable amount of different noncoding RNAs. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granule-mediated RNA regulation provides a powerful means to secure the quality and correct expression of the requisite transcripts. Haploid spermatids are characterized by a unique, unusually large cytoplasmic granule, the chromatoid body (CB), which emerges during the switch between the meiotic and post-meiotic phases of spermatogenesis. To better understand the role of the CB in male germ cell differentiation, we isolated CBs from mouse testes and revealed its full RNA and protein composition. We showed that the CB is mainly composed of RNA-binding proteins and other proteins involved RNA regulation. The CB was loaded with RNA, including pachytene piRNAs, a diverse set of mRNAs, and a number of uncharacterized long noncoding transcripts. The CB was demonstrated to accumulate nascent RNA during all the steps of round spermatid differentiation. Our results revealed the CB as a large germ cell-specific RNP platform that is involved in the control of the highly complex transcriptome of haploid male germ cells

Simplified Fixed Bed Design Models for the Adsorption of Acid Dyes on Novel Pine Cone Derived Activated Carbon

A novel activated carbon has been prepared by the activation of ground pine cones using phosphoric acid activation, and the nitrogen Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area was 869 m(2) g(-1). Equilibrium isotherms were performed to assess the capacity of the activated carbon using two acidic dyes, namely Acid Blue 113 and Acid Black 1. The monolayer equilibrium isotherm capacities of Acid Blue 113 and Acid Black 1 were 286 and 458 mg dye/g C, respectively. These capacities are significantly higher than commercial carbons and other literature carbons. For the first time, these carbons were tested in fixed bed experimental systems and data analysed using the bed depth service time model (BDST) and the carbon usage rate (CUR) model. In the fixed bed studies, the key parameters for a 20-cm bed depth for the BDST model at 50% breakthrough capacity are (a) for Acid Black, the BDST capacity is 149 mg dye/g carbon and operating time is 1,530 min and (b) for Acid Blue, the breakthrough capacity is 9 mg of dye/g of carbon and operating time is 195 min. The fixed bed study indicates that the BDST design models can be applied satisfactorily, and the pine cone carbon has significant potential but a more mesoporous pine cone carbon is preferable for the larger Acid Black dye. The CUR design method was not successful

Status of adsorptive removal of dye from textile industry effluent

Textile industry is the key user of dyes and hence the prime source of water pollution, which risks aquatic as well as human life. There are various physical, chemical, and biological methods for dye removal, but most convincing is adsorption due to its simplicity. The extensive research has been carried out in this field which has brought a wide range of adsorbents in reach of industries. Freshly obtained off beat adsorbents in addition to direct one present have been used. The present paper aims at the broad classification of adsorbents recently introduced to the arena. The division of adsorbents comprises conventional means like activated carbon ( commercial and derived), zeolite, and other nonconventional adsorbents as natural material, wastes, or even especially designed adsorbents, which are inexpensive and clean to use. Also, the investigations done regarding adsorption lately have been compared with respect to their results. The efficacy of each operation is under grave discussion. Up to 95% of the dye removal was observed in many cases with the adsorbent doses in the range of 1-20 g L (1)National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Ministry of Education, Science and Technology [2012-001400]; Korea government (MEST) [2012-0000609]This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012-001400) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2012-0000609)