Typologie des exploitations agricoles : caractérisation et accès aux services agricoles au Bénin (Afrique de l’Ouest)

Le secteur agricole constitue un levier très important du développement de l’économie béninoise. Il est dominé par la présence d’exploitations agricoles qui mènent plusieurs activités. L’objectif de cette étude était de caractériser ces exploitations agricoles et d’analyser leurs accès aux services agricoles au Bénin. Les données ont été collectées à l’aide des questionnaires et de guide d’entretien auprès d’un échantillon de 4880 exploitions agricoles. L’analyse typologique a été faite à l’aide d’une classification ascendante hiérarchique et d’une analyse en composantes principales. L’analyse du taux d’accès des exploitants agricoles aux services agricoles a été faite grâce aux statistiques descriptives et au calcul de pourcentage dans des tableaux croisés. L’analyse des variances a permis d’analyser les variations des taux d’accès des services agricoles entre les classes d’exploitations agricoles. Les résultats de l’étude ont montré qu’il existe trois catégories d’exploitations agricoles au Bénin. Il s’agit des gros agriculteurs (27,91%), des agriculteurs moyens (21,45%) et les petits agriculteurs qui sont majoritairement représentés (50,64%). L’appartenance à l’un ou l’autre des groupes d’exploitation est déterminée par la superficie des champs, le nombre d’actifs agricoles, l’utilisation de la traction motorisée, de la traction animale, le nombre de têtes de bovins, etc. L’analyse du taux d’accès des exploitations agricoles aux services agricoles a révélé que ces taux varient d’une catégorie d’exploitation à une autre. Cette étude permettra aux décideurs politiques de définir et bien orienter les politiques de recherches développement vers les acteurs du monde rural.   The agricultural sector is a very important lever for the development of the Beninese economy. It is dominated by the presence of farms that carry out several activities. The objective of this study was to characterize these farms and to analyze their access to agricultural services in Benin. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides from a sample of 4880 farms. The cluster analysis was done using an ascending hierarchical classification and principal component analysis. The analysis of the access rate of farmers to agricultural services was made through descriptive statistics and percentage calculation in cross tables. The analysis of variances was used to analyze the variations in the rates of access to agricultural services between the classes of agricultural holdings. The results of the study showed that there are three categories of farms in Benin. These are large farmers (27.91%), medium farmers (21.45%) and small farmers who are mostly represented (50.64%). Membership in one or another of the farming groups is determined by the area of the fields, the number of agricultural workers, the use of motorized traction, animal traction, the number of heads of cattle. , etc. Analysis of the access rate of farms to agricultural services revealed that these rates vary from one farm category to another. This study will enable political decision-makers to define and properly orient development research policies towards actors in the rural world

MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF STREAM WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE IN RURAL AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF IJEBU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OGUN STATE. NIGERIA

This study aimed at evaluating the microbial quality of stream water sources for domestic purposes by rural communities in Ijebu North Local Government to determine their fitness for human consumption. The evaluated streams include Erilobinla, Imosun, Okenugbo, Odoralamo, Odoye, loji,  Mamu and Tekunle oga. Physicochemical parameters were determined; pour plate method using selective media were employed to determine the enteric bacteria present in water samples. Bacterial isolates were characterized adopting the standard methods, and isolates were further subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing using the disc diffusion technique. The result of physicochemical parameters showed that temperature value varied from 25 - 290C, pH varied from 7.30 - 8.50, and total dissolved solid (TDS) of samples were not in agreement with WHO standards. Two of the eight streams analysed had odour, three had taste and two had colour . The total bacteria count revealed that Erilobinla stream water had the highest total bacteria count of 9.0 x 104 cfu/ml while Okenugbo and Odoye had the lowest total bacteria count of 1.0 x 101 cfu/ml. The microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter species, Salmonella species, Klebsiella species, Proteus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial sensitivity testing showed that these organisms were resistant to some antimicrobials. In conclusion, most of the stream waters are unsafe for drinking as they are of low quality thresholds. Thus, the stream waters require further purification to ensure suitability for human consumption and there is urgent need for provision of potable water to prevent outbreak of waterborne diseases.Â

Occurrence of mycotoxins and associated mycoflora in peanut cake product (kulikuli) marketed in Benin

The detection of spoilage fungi and mycotoxins contamination in peanut cake product, popularly called ‘‘kulikuli’’ was investigated in this study. Forty five major markets were sampled and peanut cake products were analyzed for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A contaminations, and associated mycoflora. Total coliform count ranged between 1.6 × 101 and 14.0 × 102 CFU g-1, while the fungal count was between 1.0 to 8.1 × 102 CFU g-1. Bacteria isolated from peanut cake product were Eschericha coli, Klebsiella spp. and Clostridium spp. The fungal isolates include Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp. being the dominant microflora in decreasing frequency of occurrence. High concentrations of aflatoxins were detected. They were between 25.54 to 455.22 μg/kg for AFB1, 33.94 to 491.20 μg/kg for AFB2, 0.41 to 100.33 μg/kg for AFG1 and 22.04 to 87.73 μg/kg for AFG2. Ochratoxin A concentrations ranged between 0.3 and 2 μg/kg. The coexistence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OTA) in peanut was also established. The results show that peanut cake product sold in market was highly contaminated and therefore unacceptable for human nutrition.Key words: Peanut cake, fungi, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

Le Traitement Medical De La Stenose Hypertrophique Du Pylore A Cotonou (Benin): A propos de deux cas.

La fréquence globale de la sténose hypertrophique du pylore se situe entre 1 et 3 pour 1000 naissances vivantes et concerne 5 fois plus le garçon que la fille. Son traitement, toujours chirurgical, était une pyloromyotomie extramuqueuse mise au point par Fredet en 1907 et Ramsted en 1911. La morbidité était de 1 à 16 % avec une mortalité inférieure à 0,4 % en Occident. La morbidité et la mortalité restent lourdes en Afrique car le traitement chirurgical de la sténose hypertrophique du pylore dans les paysdéfavorisés demeure hypothéqué par des conditions difficiles de prise en charge. A l’instar des études indiennes, serbes et japonaises, les auteurs rapportent 2 cas de sténose hypertrophique dupylore traités efficacement par l’atropine en intraveineuse à Cotonou

Effets des Actions des PTF et Echelle d’adaptation des Communautes Rurales aux Inondations dans le Doublet Karimama-Malanville (Benin, Afrique de L’ouest)

To help flood victims, TFPs carry out emergency and recovery actions. This research analyzes the effects of TFP actions and the scale of adaptation of rural communities to floods in the Karimama-Malanville doublet. The methodological approach adopted revolves around the collection of data through documentary research, and field work with 200 respondents, the processing and analysis of results. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cramer's Ki 2 and CrV tests are used for the statistical component. The results of this research show that during the emergency phase, TFPs such as CaritasBenin, Red Cross / Benin and CARE-Benin / Togo raise awareness (70.04%), the distribution of food (49.17 %), drugs (20.11%), sleeping materials (46.36%), household goods (25.69%), personal care products (73.17%), blankets (15.08 %) and school supplies (15.08%). In addition, during the recovery phase, Caritas-Benin, Red Cross / Benin, CARE-Benin / Togo and FAO distribute agricultural inputs (80.99%), sensitization (69.25%), relocation (49.15%), the distribution of building materials (29.04%), the construction of latrines (24.02%), the construction of boreholes (7.82%) and the vaccination of animals (2.23%). ), the construction of smoking rooms (2.23%) and the distribution of feeds and fry (1.67%) .The various emergency and recovery actions carried out by the TFPs have the protection against malaria, the reduction of cholera and the revival of economic activities in the Karimama-Malanville doublet. In general, TFP actions allow the rural communities of the Karimama-Malanville doublet to adapt to the new conditions of life imposed by the floods.Pour secourir les populations victimes des inondations, les PTF mènent les actions d’urgence et de relèvement. La présente recherche analyse les effets des actions des PTF et l’échelle d’adaptation des communautés rurales aux inondations dans le doublet Karimama-Malanville. La démarche méthodologique adoptée s’articule autour de la collecte des données à travers la recherche documentaire, les travaux de terrain auprès de 200 enquêtés, le traitement et l’analyse des résultats. L’Analyse en Composante Principale (ACP), les tests de Ki deux et de V de Cramer sont utilisés pour le volet statistique. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que pendant la phase d’urgence, les PTF tels que Caritas-Bénin, Croix rouge/Bénin et CAREBénin/Togo font la sensibilisation (70,04 %), la distribution des vivres (49,17 %), des médicaments (20,11 %), des matériels de couchages (46,36 %), des biens domestiques (25,69 %), des produits d’hygiène (73,17 %), des couvertures(15,08 %) et fournitures scolaires (15,08 %). Par ailleurs, pendant la phase de relèvement, Caritas-Bénin, Croix rouge/Bénin, CAREBénin/Togo et FAO font la distribution des intrants agricoles (80,99 %), la sensibilisation (69,25 % ), le relogement (49,15 %), la distribution des matériaux de construction (29,04 % ), la construction des latrines (24,02 % ), la construction des forages (7,82 %), la vaccination des animaux (2,23 %), la construction des fumoirs (2,23 %) et la distribution des provendes et des alevins (1,67 %).Les différentes actions d’urgence et de relèvement menées par les PTF sont la protection contre le paludisme, la réduction du choléra et la relance des activités économiques dans le doublet Karimama-Malanville. En général, les actions des PTF permettent aux communautés rurales de cette localité de s’adapter aux nouvelles conditions de vie imposées par les inondations

PERCEPTIONS AND ADAPTATIONS OF BEEKEEPERS AND HONEY HUNTERS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: THE CASE OF THE COMMUNES OFNATITINGOUANDTANGUIETA IN NORTHWEST OF BENIN

The effects of climate change are a major threat to the environment and sustainable development of most sub- Saharan African countries. The perceptions and adaptation strategies of beekeepers and other operators in the honey sector (i.e. honey hunters) to climate change are, however, not adequately explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of beekeepers and honey hunters towards climate change and strategies of adaptation in north-west Benin. In that respect, a survey was conducted among 120 beekeepers in the Communes of Tangui\ue9ta and Natitingou, northwest of Benin. Both beekeepers and honey hunters adopted several coping strategies such as: farming of other bee species, changing of beekeeping techniques, amendment of periods of beekeeping operations, displacement of the apiary, reduction or increase in number of hives and prayers. In a last resort, beekeepers that are severely affected by climate change had no other choice than abandoned beekeeping for honey hunting which, unfortunately, increased the pressure on the biodiversity of the bees.Les effets des changements climatiques constituent aujourd\u2019hui une menace majeure pour l\u2019environnement et le d\ue9veloppement durable de plusieurs pays de l\u2019Afrique sub-saharienne. Cependant, l\u2019effet perceptions et strat\ue9gies d\u2019adaptation que d\ue9veloppent les apiculteurs et les op\ue9rateurs du miel (ex. chasseurs de miel) face aux changements climatiques ne sont pas suffisamment explor\ue9s. L\u2019objectif de la pr\ue9sente \ue9tude effectu\ue9e dans le Nord Ouest du B\ue9nin visait \ue0 analyser les perceptions des apiculteurs et des exploitants du miel sur les changements climatiques \ue0 travers leurs strat\ue9gies d\u2019adaptation. A cet effet, une enqu\ueate a \ue9t\ue9 conduite aupr\ue8s de 120 exploitants du miel des Communes de Tangui\ue9ta et de Natitingou, au Nord-ouest du B\ue9nin. Il ressort de cette \ue9tude qu\u2019aussi bien les apiculteurs que les chasseurs de miel adoptent plusieurs strat\ue9gies d\u2019adaptation telles que: l\u2019\ue9levage d\u2019autres esp\ue8ces d\u2019abeilles, la modification des techniques apicoles, la modification des p\ue9riodes des op\ue9rations apicoles, le d\ue9placement du rucher, la r\ue9duction ou l\u2019augmentation du nombre de ruches et les pri\ue8res. En dernier recours, les apiculteurs les plus atteints par les effets des changements climatiques abandonnent simplement l\u2019apiculture pour la chasse au miel, ce qui accentue la pression sur la diversit\ue9 des abeilles

Declines in Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis in the Republic of Benin Following Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: Epidemiological and Etiological Findings, 2011-2016

Background: Pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM) remains an important cause of disease in children in Africa. We describe findings from sentinel site bacterial meningitis surveillance in children <5 years of age in the Republic of Benin, 2011–2016. Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected from children admitted to Parakou, Natitingou, and Tanguieta sentinel hospitals with suspected meningitis. Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) was performed by rapid diagnostic tests, microbiological culture, and/or polymerase chain reaction; where possible, serotyping/grouping was performed. Results. A total of 10 919 suspected cases of meningitis were admitted to the sentinel hospitals. Most patients were 0–11 months old (4863 [44.5%]) and there were 542 (5.0%) in-hospital deaths. Overall, 4168 CSF samples were screened for pathogens and a total of 194 (4.7%) PBM cases were confirmed, predominantly caused by pneumococcus (98 [50.5%]). Following pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction in 2011, annual suspected meningitis cases and deaths (case fatality rate) progressively declined from 2534 to 1359 and from 164 (6.5%) to 14 (1.0%) in 2012 and 2016, respectively (P < .001). Additionally, there was a gradual decline in the proportion of meningitis cases caused by pneumococcus, from 77.3% (17/22) in 2011 to 32.4% (11/34) in 2016 (odds ratio, 7.11 [95% confidence interval, 2.08–24.30]). Haemophilus influenzae meningitis fluctuated over the surveillance period and was the predominant pathogen (16/34 [47.1%]) by 2016. Conclusions: The observed decrease in pneumococcal meningitis after PCV introduction may be indicative of changing patterns of PBM etiology in Benin. Maintaining vigilant and effective surveillance is critical for understanding these changes and their wider public health implications

Efficacy of Manual Hemostasis for Percutaneous Axillary Artery Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Removal

Background. The prevalence of peripheral vascular disease has led to the re-emergence of percutaneous axillary vascular access as a suitable alternative access site to femoral artery. We sought to investigate the efficacy and safety of manual hemostasis in the axillary artery. Methods. Data were collected from a prospective internal registry of patients who had a Maquet® (Rastatt, Germany) Mega 50 cc intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) placed in the axillary artery position. They were anticoagulated with weight-based intravenous heparin to maintain an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 50-80 seconds. Anticoagulation was discontinued 2 hours prior to the device explantation. Manual compression was used to achieve the hemostasis of the axillary artery. Vascular and bleeding complications attributable to manual hemostasis were classified based on the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium-2 (BARC-2) classifications, respectively. Results. 29 of 46 patients (63%) achieved axillary artery homeostasis via manual compression. The median duration of IABP implantation was 12 days (range 1-54 days). Median compression time was 20 minutes (range 5-60 minutes). There were no major vascular or bleeding complications as defined by the VARC-2 and BARC-2 criteria, respectively. Conclusion. Manual compression of the axillary artery appears to be an effective and safe method for achieving hemostasis. Large prospective randomized control trials may be needed to corroborate these findings

Declines in Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis in the Republic of Benin Following Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: Epidemiological and Etiological Findings, 2011-2016.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM) remains an important cause of disease in children in Africa. We describe findings from sentinel site bacterial meningitis surveillance in children <5 years of age in the Republic of Benin, 2011-2016. METHODS: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected from children admitted to Parakou, Natitingou, and Tanguieta sentinel hospitals with suspected meningitis. Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) was performed by rapid diagnostic tests, microbiological culture, and/or polymerase chain reaction; where possible, serotyping/grouping was performed. RESULTS: A total of 10 919 suspected cases of meningitis were admitted to the sentinel hospitals. Most patients were 0-11 months old (4863 [44.5%]) and there were 542 (5.0%) in-hospital deaths. Overall, 4168 CSF samples were screened for pathogens and a total of 194 (4.7%) PBM cases were confirmed, predominantly caused by pneumococcus (98 [50.5%]). Following pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction in 2011, annual suspected meningitis cases and deaths (case fatality rate) progressively declined from 2534 to 1359 and from 164 (6.5%) to 14 (1.0%) in 2012 and 2016, respectively (P < .001). Additionally, there was a gradual decline in the proportion of meningitis cases caused by pneumococcus, from 77.3% (17/22) in 2011 to 32.4% (11/34) in 2016 (odds ratio, 7.11 [95% confidence interval, 2.08-24.30]). Haemophilus influenzae meningitis fluctuated over the surveillance period and was the predominant pathogen (16/34 [47.1%]) by 2016. CONCLUSIONS: The observed decrease in pneumococcal meningitis after PCV introduction may be indicative of changing patterns of PBM etiology in Benin. Maintaining vigilant and effective surveillance is critical for understanding these changes and their wider public health implications

Malar J

Background While sub-microscopic malarial infections are frequent and potentially deleterious during pregnancy, routine molecular detection is still not feasible. This study aimed to assess the performance of a Histidine Rich Protein 2 (HRP2)-based ultrasensitive rapid diagnostic test (uRDT, Alere Malaria Ag Pf) for the detection of infections of low parasite density in pregnant women. Methods This was a retrospective study based on samples collected in Benin from 2014 to 2017. A total of 942 whole blood samples collected in 327 women in the 1st and 3rd trimesters and at delivery were tested by uRDT, conventional RDT (cRDT, SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag Pf), microscopy, quantitative polymerase chain-reaction (qPCR) and Luminex-based suspension array technology targeting P. falciparum HRP2. The performance of each RDT was evaluated using qPCR as reference standard. The association between infections detected by uRDT, but not by cRDT, with poor maternal and birth outcomes was assessed using multivariate regression models. Results The overall positivity rate detected by cRDT, uRDT, and qPCR was 11.6% (109/942), 16.2% (153/942) and 18.3% (172/942), respectively. Out of 172 qPCR-positive samples, 68 were uRDT-negative. uRDT had a significantly better sensitivity (60.5% [52.7–67.8]) than cRDT (44.2% [36.6–51.9]) and a marginally decreased specificity (93.6% [91.7–95.3] versus 95.7% [94.0–97.0]). The gain in sensitivity was particularly high (33%) and statistically significant in the 1st trimester. Only 28 (41%) out of the 68 samples which were qPCR-positive, but uRDT-negative had detectable but very low levels of HRP2 (191 ng/mL). Infections that were detected by uRDT but not by cRDT were associated with a 3.4-times (95%CI 1.29–9.19) increased risk of anaemia during pregnancy. Conclusions This study demonstrates the higher performance of uRDT, as compared to cRDTs, to detect low parasite density P. falciparum infections during pregnancy, particularly in the 1st trimester. uRDT allowed the detection of infections associated with maternal anaemia