Encuentros que abren paso al descubrimiento, al deseo, a la palabra : Proyecto Prácticas didáctico-pedagógicas innovadoras en escuelas públicas

El Proyecto se orientó a generar procesos de reflexión y aprendizaje sobre las prácticas pedagógicas, en diálogo con otras propuestas filosófico-pedagógicas. Buscó también dar vida a procesos de co-construcción e implementación de propuestas didáctico-pedagógicas innovadoras en escuelas públicas.CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Tegumentary leishmaniasis and coinfections other than HIV

<div><p>Background</p><p>Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a disease of skin and/or mucosal tissues caused by <i>Leishmania</i> parasites. TL patients may concurrently carry other pathogens, which may influence the clinical outcome of TL.</p><p>Methodology and principal findings</p><p>This review focuses on the frequency of TL coinfections in human populations, interactions between <i>Leishmania</i> and other pathogens in animal models and human subjects, and implications of TL coinfections for clinical practice. For the purpose of this review, TL is defined as all forms of cutaneous (localised, disseminated, or diffuse) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, superinfection with skin bacteria, and skin manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis are not included. We searched MEDLINE and other databases and included 73 records: 21 experimental studies in animals and 52 studies about human subjects (mainly cross-sectional and case studies). Several reports describe the frequency of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> coinfection in TL patients in Argentina (about 41%) and the frequency of helminthiasis in TL patients in Brazil (15% to 88%). Different hypotheses have been explored about mechanisms of interaction between different microorganisms, but no clear answers emerge. Such interactions may involve innate immunity coupled with regulatory networks that affect quality and quantity of acquired immune responses. Diagnostic problems may occur when concurrent infections cause similar lesions (e.g., TL and leprosy), when different pathogens are present in the same lesions (e.g., <i>Leishmania</i> and <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>), or when similarities between phylogenetically close pathogens affect accuracy of diagnostic tests (e.g., serology for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease). Some coinfections (e.g., helminthiasis) appear to reduce the effectiveness of antileishmanial treatment, and drug combinations may cause cumulative adverse effects.</p><p>Conclusions and significance</p><p>In patients with TL, coinfection is frequent, it can lead to diagnostic errors and delays, and it can influence the effectiveness and safety of treatment. More research is needed to unravel how coinfections interfere with the pathogenesis of TL.</p></div

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. Funding: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D’Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Programas de transferência condicionada e implementação territorial no Paraguai

This article describes a case experience on the link between the District Boards of Education and the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Program from Paraguay, called “Tekoporã”, implemented in the district Tte. 1° Manuel Irala Fernández, of the western region or Paraguayan Chaco. This article &nbsp;is a qualitative report on the effects generated by the program on educational indicators from the district. One of the outstanding findings is that the program increased the enrollment of boys and girls in schools in 2015. Besides, the contribution of the District Boards of Education in this experience is described. &nbsp;To write this work a documentary review was made. &nbsp;In this regard, the proposals made by the Secretary of Social Action, the government agency that implements the program, have been reviewed, as well as The data provided by the Municipality and reports referring to the district published by the Investigación para el Desarrollo Center (ID).El presente estudio describe una experiencia de caso sobre el vínculo del Consejo Distrital de Educación y el Programa de Transferencia Condicionada del Paraguay “Tekoporã”, implementado en el distrito Tte. 1° Manuel Irala Fernández de la región occidental o Chaco paraguayo. Este trabajo es un reporte cualitativo sobre los efectos que genera el programa en los indicadores de educación del distrito. Una de las constataciones sobresalientes es que el programa generó en el 2015 un aumento en la matriculación de niños y niñas en las escuelas. Además, se describe el aporte del Consejo Distrital de Educación en esta experiencia. Para la elaboración de este trabajo, se recurrió a la revisión documental tanto de propuestas realizadas por la Secretaria de Acción Social, ente gubernamental que implementa el programa, como a datos proveídos por la Municipalidad e informes referentes al distrito publicados por el Centro Investigación para el Desarrollo (ID).&nbsp;Este trabalho descreve um estudo de caso sobre o vínculo do Conselho Distrital de Educação e o Programa de Transferência Condicionada “Tekoporã”, implementado no distrito Tte. 1° Manuel Irala Fernández, na região ocidental ou Chaco paraguaio. Trata-se de um informe qualitativo sobre os efeitos que são gerados pelo Programa nos indicadores de educação do distrito. Uma das constatações é a de que o Programa gerou, em 2015, um aumento na matrícula de crianças nas escolas. Ainda, se descreve o aporte do Conselho Distrital de Educação nesta experiência. Para a elaboração deste trabalho se recorreu à revisão documental, tanto de propostas realizadas pela Secretaria de Ação Social, ente governamental que implementa o Programa, como de datos disponibilizados pela prefeitura, além de informes referentes ao distrito publicados pelo Centro Investigación para el Desarrollo (ID)

Desigualdad y Riquezas: Un análisis desde la categoría de Grupos de poder económico en Paraguay : Los casos del grupo Favero y A. J. Vierci

El estudio de la desigualdad desde arriba en Paraguay en un campo poco explorado, por tanto, se presenta múltiples desafíos. Sin embargo, al hacer una revisión a nivel regional es posible encontrar que el análisis de las riquezas, los grupos económicos y la desigualdad han sido ampliamente abordado. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar desde la categoría de Grupos de poder económicos o GPE (Durand, 2017), las características que tienen los grupos económicos en Paraguay. En el trabajo se plantea, en primer lugar, exponer los trabajos que en relación al tema se han en Paragua, así como también investigaciones realizadas a nivel regional. Luego se retoman elementos que explican las características de los GPE y a partir de dichos elementos se presenta una breve composición de los grupos económicos Favero y Vierci. Finalmente se presentan las reflexiones preliminares.Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociale

Control interno de gestión académica de la Universidad José Carlos Mariátegui de Moquegua en año 2015

El trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar si el control interno de gestión académica influye en la calidad de la formación profesional de los estudiantes de quinto año de la carrera profesional de ingeniería comercial de la Universidad José Carlos Mariátegui, departamento de Moquegua en el año 2015, Metodología, es de tipo básica, con el diseño no experimental, transversal, descriptivo, correlacional, se aplicó la encuesta validado, la entrevista y análisis documental. Resultados, mostraron que existe evidencias estadísticas significativas de 94.00% coeficiente de Spearman Rho, de que el control interno de la gestión académica y la calidad de formación profesional, están relacionadas, en la medida que cumplan con el control interno en la gestión académica será de calidad la formación profesional, Conclusión, el control interno en la gestión académica en el año 2015 fue poco favorable en la calidad de formación profesional de la carrera de ingeniería comercial, por lo que se sugiere a la dirección, diseñar plan de acción que incluya las normas de control interno del ambiente de control, evaluación de riesgos, las actividades de control, información y comunicación y la supervisión, en concordancia con la Ley Universitaria

A investigar se aprende investigando. Programa de Jóvenes Investigadores

Este trabajo recoge las historias de cambio de jóvenes investigadoras que participaron en un programa de formación desarrollado por el Instituto Desarrollo de Paraguay. Este programa es una oportunidad de aprendizaje y una respuesta a la necesidad que muchos jóvenes tienen de iniciarse en la investigación social; en la actualidad, las universidades paraguayas limitan las posibilidades de trabajar en la producción de conocimiento, ya que la enseñanza no se inclina hacia esta labor ni se propician espacios de investigación, en especial en el campo de las ciencias sociales. Para comprender el proceso vivido y la debilidad institucional y profesional de la investigación social en Paraguay, en este artículo exponemos la realidad sociohistórica y analizamos los cambios en las vidas de las participantes luego de formar parte de este programa