Export papaya post-harvest protection by fungicides and the problems of the maximal limit of residues

The post-harvest maturity of papaya fruits is influenced by several environmental factors including temperature, light and ventilation of the surrounding wall. The maturity, presence and attacks or rots, and the accumulation of fungicide residues in the papaya was evaluated on papaya fruits treated with different fungicide. Thiabendazole-treated fruits did not rot 21 days after treatment and this fungicide was the most satisfactory with detected residues lower than the European Union's 2000/48/EC guideline. Key Words: Post-harvest, papaya, fungicides, phytotoxic, thiabendazole, residues maximal limit. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol.4(1) 2005: 109-11

Niveau De Contamination Du Poivron (Capsicum L., 1753) Par Les Pesticides

The study was done on two species of peppers capsicumannuum and capsicum fructescens. It concerned ninety samples of these two species, collected during three countrysides in two localities of Côte d’Ivoire (Bouake and Dabou). These samples were handled by means of a liquid-phase leading chromatograph SHIMADZU with the aim of determining the residues of pesticides. The observed results revealed a contamination of both species : capsicum annuum and capsicum fructescens, indeed, six residues of pesticides (chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, maneb, dimethoate and lambdacyaholothrine) were detected in these two species distributed in four families of pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethrinoïds). The analysis showed that pyrethrinoïdes with respective proportions of 76,17% and 75,95% in capsicum annuum and capsicum fructescens were the most important ; followed organophosphate with respective proportions of 10,93% and 20,04% in capsicum annuum and capsicum fructescens.The study also showed that the concentrations of residues of pesticides detected in the edible part (pericarp ) peppers are appreciably equal those found in the part inedible(pulp). However, the residues of pesticides detected in peppers of both localities have all average concentrations lower than the standards established by the Codex Alimentarius

Évaluation du risque phytosanitaire lié à la consommation de la laitue (Lactuca sativa) cultivée dans la commune de Port-Bouët (Abidjan)

The use of agrochemicals may be a public health problem because the pesticides residues in food can have drawbacks on human health. This work aimed to evaluate health risk associated to the consumption of lettuce. Pesticide residues were determined by HPLC and toxicological indicators (Estimated Daily Intake and the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake) were calculated and compared to the acceptable daily intake. The results showed that 83.3 % of lettuce samples contained at least one pesticide whose content is above the maximum residue limit. The risk assessment showed that 1.7 % of lettuce consumers were exposed to chronic effects of maneb; 1.7 % lettuce consumers are likely to develop the chronic effects of carbendazim. For the ethyl chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, cypermethrin, dimethoate and lambdacyhalothrin, respectively 20.9% , 68.4 %, 87.2 % and 97.1 % of lettuce consumers were exposed to the chronic effects of these pesticides. Keywords: Lettuce, Lactuca sativa, pesticide, risk of exposureL’usage des produits agrochimiques peut être source de problème de santé publique car ces produits peuvent laisser des résidus dans les denrées alimentaires et perturber le fonctionnement de l’organisme. Cette étude a pour but d’évaluer le risque phytosanitaire lié à la consommation de la laitue. Les résidus de pesticides ont été quantifiés par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance, puis les indicateurs de risque toxicologique (apport journalier estimatif et l’apport journalier maximal théorique) ont été calculés et comparés aux doses journalières acceptables afin d’évaluer le risque d’exposition du consommateur. Les résultats ont révélé que 83,3 % des échantillons de laitue contiennent au moins un pesticide dont la teneur est supérieure à la limite maximale de résidu en vigueur. L’évaluation du risque d’exposition des consommateurs de laitue aux résidus de pesticides, a relevé que 1,73 % des consommateurs de laitue sont exposés aux effets chroniques du manèbe; 1,7% des consommateurs de laitue sont susceptibles de développer les effets chroniques du carbendazime. Pour le chlorpyriphos éthyle, le chlorothalonil, la cyperméthrine, le diméthoate et la lambdacyhalothrine, ce sont respectivement 20,9 %, 68,4 %, 87,2 % et 97,1 % des consommateurs de laitue qui sont exposés aux effets chroniques de ces pesticides. Mots-clés: Laitue, Lactuca sativa, pesticide, risque d’expositio

Étude Cinétique De La Dégradation Du Piclorame En Solution Aqueuse Par Photolyse Directe Et Par Photocatalyse

The treatment of pesticides is a necessity in view of the stability and toxicity of the pesticides that generate them. The objective of this work is to study the degradation of picloram in aqueous medium under UV irradiation. It is a selective and systemic herbicide that can control woody plants and broadleaf weeds. The irradiations were carried out using a mercury vapor lamp of wavelength λ = 365 nm. A high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a UV / visible detector was used to analyze the samples. The degradation of picloram in aqueous medium was carried out by direct photolysis and photocatalysis. In direct photolysis, a low rate of product degradation (6.9 %) was obtained after 225 min of irradiation. Photolysis in the presence of a catalyst (TiO2) accelerated the degradation of the molecule. Experiments demonstrating the effect of the concentration of the catalyst showed that the optimum concentration corresponding to a maximum degradation of picloram is 4 mg / L (62.68 %). The study of the influence of the pH of the solution on the degradation indicates that the molecule degrades better in an acid medium (pH = 5) with a rate of 62 % in 225 min  of irradiation. Apparent order 1 degradation kinetics were observed in all cases

Safety and Immunogenicity of an AMA-1 Malaria Vaccine in Malian Adults: Results of a Phase 1 Randomized Controlled Trial

The objective was to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the AMA-1-based blood-stage malaria vaccine FMP2.1/AS02A in adults exposed to seasonal malaria.A phase 1 double blind randomized controlled dose escalation trial was conducted in Bandiagara, Mali, West Africa, a rural town with intense seasonal transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The malaria vaccine FMP2.1/AS02A is a recombinant protein (FMP2.1) based on apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) from the 3D7 clone of P. falciparum, adjuvanted with AS02A. The comparator vaccine was a cell-culture rabies virus vaccine (RabAvert). Sixty healthy, malaria-experienced adults aged 18-55 y were recruited into 2 cohorts and randomized to receive either a half dose or full dose of the malaria vaccine (FMP2.1 25 microg/AS02A 0.25 mL or FMP2.1 50 microg/AS02A 0.5 mL) or rabies vaccine given in 3 doses at 0, 1 and 2 mo, and were followed for 1 y. Solicited symptoms were assessed for 7 d and unsolicited symptoms for 30 d after each vaccination. Serious adverse events were assessed throughout the study. Titers of anti-AMA-1 antibodies were measured by ELISA and P. falciparum growth inhibition assays were performed on sera collected at pre- and post-vaccination time points. Transient local pain and swelling were common and more frequent in both malaria vaccine dosage groups than in the comparator group. Anti-AMA-1 antibodies increased significantly in both malaria vaccine groups, peaking at nearly 5-fold and more than 6-fold higher than baseline in the half-dose and full-dose groups, respectively.The FMP2.1/AS02A vaccine had a good safety profile, was well-tolerated, and was highly immunogenic in malaria-exposed adults. This malaria vaccine is being evaluated in Phase 1 and 2 trials in children at this site

Export papaya post-harvest protection by fungicides and the problems of the maximal limit of residues

The post-harvest maturity of papaya fruits is influenced by several environmental factors including temperature, light and ventilation of the surrounding wall. The maturity, presence and attacks or rots, and the accumulation of fungicide residues in the papaya was evaluated on papaya fruits treated with different fungicide. Thiabendazole-treated fruits did not rot 21 days after treatment and this fungicide was the most satisfactory with detected residues lower than the European Union's 2000/48/EC guideline

Persistance des entérovirus dans les eaux usées à Yopougon, Côte d'Ivoire

Plusieurs facteurs environnementaux contribuent au maintien de l’infectivité des entérovirus hors de l’organisme dans divers milieux hydriques pendant parfois de longues périodes. Cette étude effectuée in situ avait pour but : (i) d’isoler les entérovirus des eaux usées urbaines et lagunaires sur quatre lignées cellulaires, (ii) de suivre la distribution et la persistance de ces virus sous l’influence des facteurs environnementaux abiotiques. Les échantillons d'eaux usées ont été collectés à neuf points de prélèvement le long d'un canal dont l'écoulement débouche sur une lagune tropicale à Yopougon. Les entérovirus ont été concentrés par l’utilisation de DextranT40 et du Polyéthylène glycol 6000 selon des recommandations de l'OMS. Les mesures du pH, de la température, de la conductivité et de la salinité ont été effectuées sur site. La détermination des sulfates (SO42-) a été réalisée conformément à la HACH METHOD 8051.Parmi les échantillons d'eaux usées brutes (n = 45) et lagunaire (n = 21), 68,9 % et 52,4 % respectivement se sont révélés positifs à l'isolement viral. La présence des entérovirus a été confirmée par RT-PCR dans 57,8 % et 42,8 % des échantillons d'eaux usées brutes et lagunaires. Nous avons observé pour des pluviométries de 0,4 mm et de 252,9 mm que des échantillons étaient positifs respectivement dans 44,4 % et 60,9 % des cas. Par ailleurs, les entérovirus infectieux ont été détectés en milieu lagunaire pour une gamme de températures oscillant de 26 oC à 30 oC. Ces valeurs se situent au-dessus du seuil de 22 oC où leur survie serait affectée dans les estuaires.Cette étude semble démontrer que la valeur maximale du pH (pH Max = 9,57) et de la salinité (salinité Max = 10,7) couplée à d'autres facteurs environnementaux ne favoriserait pas la persistance des entérovirus.Les interactions entre ces eaux et les populations le long du canal et en aval exposent celles-ci à des risques sanitaires multiples.Several environmental factors contribute to maintain infectivity of enteroviruses out of body in various hydrological media, sometimes for long periods. This in situ study aimed (i) to isolate these viruses from wastewater and a lagoon, in four cell lines, and (ii) to follow the distribution and persistence of these viruses under the influence of abiotic environmental factors. The wastewater samples were collected at nine sampling points along the channel, which flows into a tropical lagoon in Yopougon. Enteroviruses were concentrated by using Dextran T40 and polyethylen glycol 6000, according to WHO recommendations. Measurements of pH, temperature, conductivity and salinity were carried out on site. The determination of sulphates (SO42-) was performed by HACH method 8051. Among the samples of raw wastewater (n = 45) and lagoon water (n = 21), 68.9% and 52.4%, respectively, were positive for viral isolation. The presence of enteroviruses was confirmed by RT-PCR in 57.8% and 42.8% of samples of raw wastewater and lagoon water. We observed that for rainfall of 0.4 mm and 252.9 mm, the number of positive samples collected was respectively 44.4% and 60.9%. Moreover, infectious enteroviruses were detected in the lagoon environment for temperatures ranging from 26oC to 30oC, above the threshold of 22oC where survival would be affected in estuaries. This study seems to demonstrate that the maximum value of pH (pH Max = 9.57) and salinity (salinity Max = 10.7) coupled with other environmental factors do not allow the persistence of enteroviruses

Hématome rétro-péritonéal consécutif à une envenimation vipérine: à propos d’un cas

Les envenimations ophidiennes constituent un problème de santé publique en Afrique, entrainant 20 000 décès annuels. Cette mortalité traduit les difficultés de prise en charge des complications en particuliers hémorragiques. Nous rapportons le cas de Mr SL 35 ans, agriculteur, victime d'une morsure de vipère entrainant un syndrome hémorragique, suivi d'un abdomen aigu d'installation progressive. L'échographie objectivait un épanchement de grande abondance, dont la ponction ramenait du sang incoagulable. Devant la reconstitution de l'hémopéritoine après trois doses de sérum antivenimeux et la coagulation des prélèvements sur tube sec, une laparotomie exploratrice était réalisée à J9. Elle a retrouvé un hématome retro péritonéal bombant dans le méso-colon et qui s'écoulait dans la cavité péritonéale. Le geste a consisté à une évacuation de 1500ml de sang, et un toilettage au sérum physiologique. Les suites opératoires ont été simples. Le patient était transféré en secteur d'hospitalisation de chirurgie à J3 post opératoire puis sortie d'hôpital à J19

Effect of a fifth round of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children aged 5–14 years in Dangassa, an area of long transmission in Mali

Despite a significant reduction in the burden of malaria in children under five years-old, the efficient implementation of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) at large scale remains a major concern in areas with long malaria transmission. Low coverage rate in the unattainable areas during the rainy season, a shift in the risk of malaria to older children and the rebound in malaria incidence after stopping drug administration are mainly reported in these areas. These gaps represent a major challenge in the efficient implementation of SMC measures. An open randomized study was conducted to assess the effect of a fifth additional round to current regime of SMC in older children living in Dangassa, a rural malaria endemic area. Poisson regression Model was used to estimate the reduction in malaria incidence in the intervention group compared to the control group including age groups (5-9 and 10-14 years) and the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs; Yes or No) with a threshold at 5%. Overall, a downward trend in participation rate was observed from August (94.3%) to November (87.2%). In November (round 4), the risk of malaria incidence was similar in both groups (IRR = 0.66, 95%CI [0.35-1.22]). In December (round 5), a decrease of 51% in malaria incidence was observed in intervention group compared to control group adjusted for age groups and the use of LLINs (IRR = 0.49, 95%CI [0.26-0.94]), of which 17% of reduction is attributable to the 5th round in the intervention group. An additional fifth round of SMC resulted in a significant reduction of malaria incidence in the intervention group. The number of SMC rounds could be adapted to the local condition of malaria transmission