QTL mapping of seedling and field resistance to stem rust in DAKIYE/Reichenbachii durum wheat population

Stem rust caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn. (Pgt) threatens the global production of both durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husnot) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objective of this study was to evaluate a durum wheat recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross between a susceptible parent ‘DAKIYE’ and a resistant parent ‘Reichenbachii’ developed by the International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT) 1) for seedling response to races JRCQC and TTRTF and 2) for field response to a bulk of the current Pgt races prevalent in Ethiopia and Kenya and 3) to map loci associated with seedling and field resistances in this population. A total of 224 RILs along with their parents were evaluated at the seedling stage in the Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research greenhouse at Debre Zeit, Ethiopia and in the EIAR and KALRO fields in Ethiopia and Kenya, for two seasons from 2019 to 2020. The lines were genotyped using the genotyping-by-sequencing approach. A total of 843 single nucleotide polymorphism markers for 175 lines were used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified three QTL on chromosomes 3B, 4B and 7B contributed by the resistant parent. The QTL on chromosome 3B was identified at all growth stages and it explained 11.8%, 6.5%, 6.4% and 15.3% of the phenotypic variation for responses to races JRCQC, TTRTF and in the field trials ETMS19 and KNMS19, respectively. The power to identify additional QTL in this population was limited by the number of high-quality markers, since several markers with segregation distortion were eliminated. A cytological study is needed to understand the presence of chromosomal rearrangements. Future evaluations of additional durum lines and RIL families identification of durable adult plant resistance sources is crucial for breeding stem rust resistance in durum wheat in the future

Genetic analysis of aluminum tolerance in Brazilian barleys

A toxicidade do alumínio (Al) é um dos principais limitantes ao crescimento da cevada em solos ácidos, e são necessários genótipos com adequada tolerância para melhorar a adaptação da espécie no Brasil. Para estudar a herança da tolerância ao Al em cevadas brasileiras, as cultivares Antarctica 1, BR 1 e FM 404 foram cruzadas com Kearney e PFC 8026 e intercruzadas entre si. Progenitores e gerações F1, F2 e F6 foram cultivados em solução nutritiva contendo 0,03, 0,05 e 0,07 mM de Al, e classificadas quanto à tolerância, pelo método de coloração com hematoxilina. As progênies F2, das cruzas tolerante x suscetível, segregaram na proporção de três tolerantes para uma suscetível, enquadrando-se na proporção 3:1 esperada no modelo monogênico. As populações F6 segregaram uma tolerante para uma suscetível, enquadrando-se no modelo de um gene. Nos cruzamentos entre tolerantes, as F2 apresentaram reação igual à dos progenitores. Como o tamanho de população usado permitiria detectar recombinações de 7% na hipótese de mais de um gene ligados em repulsão, a ausência completa de segregantes suscetíveis sugere que a tolerância destas cultivares seja condicionada pelo mesmo gene. Desta maneira, o potencial para melhoria da tolerância ao Al por meio da recombinação destas cultivares é muito baixo, e devem ser pesquisadas fontes diferentes.Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major factor limiting barley growth in acid soils, and genotypes with adequate level of tolerance are needed for improving barley adaptation in Brazil. To study the inheritance of Al tolerance in Brazilian barleys, cultivars Antarctica 1, BR 1 and FM 404 were crossed to sensitive Kearney and PFC 8026, and intercrossed. Parental, F1, F2 and F6 generations were grown in nutrient solution containing 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 mM of Al and classified for tolerance by the root tip hematoxylin staining assay. Tolerant by sensitive F2 progenies segregated three tolerant to one sensitive, fitting the 3:1 ratio expected for a single gene. The F6 populations segregated one tolerant to one sensitive also fitting a monogenic ratio. The F2 seedlings from crosses among tolerant genotypes scored the same as the parents. Since the population size used would allow detection of recombination as low as 7%, the complete absence of Al sensitive recombinants suggests that tolerance in these cultivars is most probably, controlled by the same gene. Thus, the potential for improving Al tolerance through recombination of these genotypes is very low and different gene sources should be evaluated

Genetic analysis of aluminum tolerance in Brazilian barleys

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major factor limiting barley growth in acid soils, and genotypes with adequate level of tolerance are needed for improving barley adaptation in Brazil. To study the inheritance of Al tolerance in Brazilian barleys, cultivars Antarctica 1, BR 1 and FM 404 were crossed to sensitive Kearney and PFC 8026, and intercrossed. Parental, F1, F2 and F6 generations were grown in nutrient solution containing 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 mM of Al and classified for tolerance by the root tip hematoxylin staining assay. Tolerant by sensitive F2 progenies segregated three tolerant to one sensitive, fitting the 3:1 ratio expected for a single gene. The F6 populations segregated one tolerant to one sensitive also fitting a monogenic ratio. The F2 seedlings from crosses among tolerant genotypes scored the same as the parents. Since the population size used would allow detection of recombination as low as 7%, the complete absence of Al sensitive recombinants suggests that tolerance in these cultivars is most probably, controlled by the same gene. Thus, the potential for improving Al tolerance through recombination of these genotypes is very low and different gene sources should be evaluated

Dissecting the old Mediterranean durum wheat genetic architecture for phenology, biomass and yield formation by association mapping and QTL meta-analysis

Association mapping was used to identify genome regions affecting yield formation, crop phenology and crop biomass in a collection of 172 durum wheat landraces representative of the genetic diversity of ancient local durum varieties from the Mediterranean Basin. The collection was genotyped with 1,149 DArT markers and phenotyped in Spanish northern and southern locations during three years. A total of 245 significant marker trait associations (MTAs) (P<0.01) were detected. Some of these associations confirmed previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) and/or candidate genes, and others are reported for the first time here. Eighty-six MTAs corresponded with yield and yield component traits, 70 to phenology and 89 to biomass production. Twelve genomic regions harbouring stable MTAs (significant in three or more environments) were identified, while five and two regions showed specific MTAs for northern and southern environments, respectively. Sixty per cent of MTAs were located on the B genome and 29% on the A genome. The marker wPt-9859 was detected in 12 MTAs, associated with six traits in four environments and the mean across years. To refine QTL positions, a meta-analysis was performed. A total of 477 unique QTLs were projected onto a durum wheat consensus map and were condensed to 71 meta-QTLs and left 13 QTLs as singletons. Sixty-one percent of QTLs explained less than 10% of the phenotypic variance confirming the high genetic complexity of the traits analysed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Dissecting the old Mediterranean durum wheat genetic architecture for phenology, biomass and yield formation by association mapping and QTL meta-analysis

Association mapping was used to identify genome regions affecting yield formation, crop phenology and crop biomass in a collection of 172 durum wheat landraces representative of the genetic diversity of ancient local durum varieties from the Mediterranean Basin. The collection was genotyped with 1, 149 DArT markers and phenotyped in Spanish northern and southern locations during three years. A total of 245 significant marker trait associations (MTAs) (P<0.01) were detected. Some of these associations confirmed previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) and/or candidate genes, and others are reported for the first time here. Eighty-six MTAs corresponded with yield and yield component traits, 70 to phenology and 89 to biomass production. Twelve genomic regions harbouring stable MTAs (significant in three or more environments) were identified, while five and two regions showed specific MTAs for northern and southern environments, respectively. Sixty per cent of MTAs were located on the B genome and 29% on the A genome. The marker wPt-9859 was detected in 12 MTAs, associated with six traits in four environments and the mean across years. To refine QTL positions, a meta-analysis was performed. A total of 477 unique QTLs were projected onto a durum wheat consensus map and were condensed to 71 meta-QTLs and left 13 QTLs as singletons. Sixty-one percent of QTLs explained less than 10% of the phenotypic variance confirming the high genetic complexity of the traits analysed.</p

Parameters estimated in QTL studies collected for meta-analysis.

<p>Number of QTLs per A) chromosome, B) trait, C) supporting interval (cM) and D) phenotypic variance explained.</p

Genetic map for significant MTAs.

<p>Genetic position in the durum wheat consensus map from Maccaferri et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0178290#pone.0178290.ref036" target="_blank">36</a>] of significant MTAs in the north (blue) and south (red) Spanish locations together with the position of MQTLs reported in this study and by other authors [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0178290#pone.0178290.ref024" target="_blank">24</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0178290#pone.0178290.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>]. Numbers in parenthesis after MTAs represent the number of different MTAs for the trait. When a MQTL involved only one QTL, it is reported as the trait for that QTL. For the extended name of the traits, see the list of acronyms.</p

Summary of QTL studies included in the meta-analysis.

<p>Summary of QTL studies included in the meta-analysis.</p

Number of significant associated markers.

<p>Number of significant associated markers.</p