9 research outputs found
Attitudes toward money and control strategies of financial behavior: a comparison between overindebted and non-overindebted consumers
This paper addresses whether overindebted and non-overindebted consumers differ in their attitude toward money (specifically, the degree to which consumers care about money and feel difficulties keeping track of their money) and how this attitude impacts three different financial behavior categories: record keeping (e.g., recording spending in writing), adjusting balance (e.g., trying to find ways to decrease one’s expenses to match income), and monitoring balance (e.g., monitoring one’s spending to see if it is in line with what is expected). Overindebted consumers were recruited via an NGO for consumer defense and were categorized (whenever possible) into two subgroups: consumers who became overindebted due to internal causes (e.g., bad financial management) and consumers who became overindebted due to external causes (e.g., unemployment). Non-overindebted consumers were a convenience sample. Non-overindebted consumers showed more positive attitudes toward money than both groups of overindebted consumers and overindebted due to external causes showed more positive attitudes than overindebted consumers due to internal causes. All groups share similar financial management behaviors except for monitoring balance, which was more frequent among non-overindebted consumers. Furthermore, a regression analysis indicates that money attitudes helped explain financial behavior differences between consumers above and beyond their indebtedness status. Consumers’ attitude predicted financial behaviors, even when controlling for relevant socioeconomic variables (education, income, age, and gender). Further analyses comparing money attitudes and financial behavior for the three subgroups (non-overindebted, overindebted due to internal causes, and overindebted due to external causes) showed no differences.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Perceived causes and attitudes regarding overindebtedness and their effects on public agreement with government financial aid
In order to better understand how the problem of overindebtedness is perceived from a laypeople standpoint, Study 1 inquired both overindebted and non-overindebted consumers on the perceived causes of and attitudes toward the overindebted. Situational and dispositional factors were perceived to have similar impact as causes of overindebtedness, but non-overindebted consumers showed stronger agreement with those causes than overindebted consumers. Regarding attitudes, non-overindebted consumers tended to blame overindebted people for their situation rather than perceiving them as victims, whereas overindebted consumers showed the opposite pattern. Study 2 used a sample of (non-overindebted) consumers to assess the impact of perceived causes of overindebtedness, attitudes toward the overindebted, and political orientation on public support of government policies for aiding overindebted people. We discuss the contributions of the present findings to design public policies aimed at aiding overindebted households that are more aligned with the beliefs and attitudes of the general public.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
An Analysis of the Mechanisms Influencing Health, Sleep, Life Satisfaction, and Emotional Well-Being
Ferreira, M. B., de Almeida, F., Soro, J. C., Herter, M. M., Pinto, D. C., & Silva, C. S. (2021). On the Relation Between Over-Indebtedness and Well-Being: An Analysis of the Mechanisms Influencing Health, Sleep, Life Satisfaction, and Emotional Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-14. [591875]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.591875This paper aims to explore the association between over-indebtedness and two facets of well-being – life satisfaction and emotional well-being. Although prior research has associated over-indebtedness with lower life satisfaction, this study contributes to the extant literature by revealing its effects on emotional well-being, which is a crucial component of well-being that has received less attention. Besides subjective well-being (SWB), reported health, and sleep quality were also assessed. The findings suggest that over-indebted (compared to non-over-indebted) consumers have lower life satisfaction and emotional well-being, as well as poorer (reported) health and sleep quality. Furthermore, over-indebtedness impacts life satisfaction and emotional well-being through different mechanisms. Consumers decreased perceived control accounts for the impact of over-indebtedness on both facets of well-being (as well as on reported health and sleep). Financial well-being (a specific component of life satisfaction), partly mediates the impact of indebtedness status on overall life satisfaction. The current study contributes to research focusing on the relationship between indebtedness, well-being, health, and sleep quality, and provides relevant theoretical and practical implications.publishersversionpublishe
Portuguese norms for ad hoc categories
A investigação sobre organizações de representações mentais tem vindo a revelar
desenvolvimentos teóricos muito relevantes ao focar-se na flexibilidade destas estruturas e na sua
dependência do contexto. Categorias ad hoc são particularmente úteis para esta investigação por
possuÃrem estruturas hierárquicas semelhantes a categorias taxonómicas, mas sendo simultaneamente, e
por definição, altamente dependentes do contexto e de objetivos. O presente estudo fornece medidas
normativas Portuguesas para 63 listas de exemplares de diferentes categorias. Dois tipos de categorias ad
hoc são apresentados: 35 inter-categóricas (compostas por exemplares provenientes de diferentes
categorias taxonómicas) e 28 intra-categóricas (compostas por exemplares de uma mesma categoria
taxonómica). São ainda incluÃdas normas relativamente a 10 categorias taxonómicas de onde as
categorias ad hoc intra-categóricas foram derivadas. As listas de exemplares categóricos são apresentadas
com medidas de frequência de produção, frequência de primeira produção, e posição média da ordem de
produção.Scientific investigation on the organization of mental
representations of categories has been showing, over the years, important new developments by focusing
on the flexibility of these knowledge structures and its context dependency. Ad hoc categories are of
particular use in this research domain because although their structures are hierarchically organized (as
taxonomic categories are) they are, by definition, highly dependent on context and goals. Our study
presents Portuguese norms for 63 lists of exemplars from different ad hoc categories. Two types of ad hoc
categories are presented: 35 inter-categorical (composed of exemplars from different taxonomic
categories), and 18 intra-categorical (composed of exemplars from the same taxonomic category). The
present work further includes norms for 10 taxonomic categories, from which the intra-categorical ad hoc
lists are derived. The categorical exemplars lists are presented with measures of production frequency,
frequency of first production and production order average rank.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Attitudes Toward Money and Control Strategies of Financial Behavior: A Comparison Between Overindebted and Non-overindebted Consumers
This paper addresses whether overindebted and non-overindebted consumers differ
in their attitude toward money (specifically, the degree to which consumers care
about money and feel difficulties keeping track of their money) and how this
attitude impacts three different financial behavior categories: record keeping (e.g.,
recording spending in writing), adjusting balance (e.g., trying to find ways to decrease
one’s expenses to match income), and monitoring balance (e.g., monitoring one’s
spending to see if it is in line with what is expected). Overindebted consumers
were recruited via an NGO for consumer defense and were categorized (whenever
possible) into two subgroups: consumers who became overindebted due to internal
causes (e.g., bad financial management) and consumers who became overindebted
due to external causes (e.g., unemployment). Non-overindebted consumers were a
convenience sample. Non-overindebted consumers showed more positive attitudes
toward money than both groups of overindebted consumers and overindebted due
to external causes showed more positive attitudes than overindebted consumers
due to internal causes. All groups share similar financial management behaviors
except for monitoring balance, which was more frequent among non-overindebted
consumers. Furthermore, a regression analysis indicates that money attitudes helped
explain financial behavior differences between consumers above and beyond their
indebtedness status. Consumers’ attitude predicted financial behaviors, even when
controlling for relevant socioeconomic variables (education, income, age, and gender).
Further analyses comparing money attitudes and financial behavior for the three
subgroups (non-overindebted, overindebted due to internal causes, and overindebted
due to external causes) showed no differences.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Perceived Causes and Attitudes Regarding Overindebtedness and Their Effects on Public Agreement With Government Financial Aid
In order to better understand how the problem of overindebtedness is perceived from
a laypeople standpoint, Study 1 inquired both overindebted and non-overindebted
consumers on the perceived causes of and attitudes toward the overindebted.
Situational and dispositional factors were perceived to have similar impact as causes of
overindebtedness, but non-overindebted consumers showed stronger agreement with
those causes than overindebted consumers. Regarding attitudes, non-overindebted
consumers tended to blame overindebted people for their situation rather than
perceiving them as victims, whereas overindebted consumers showed the opposite
pattern. Study 2 used a sample of (non-overindebted) consumers to assess the impact
of perceived causes of overindebtedness, attitudes toward the overindebted, and
political orientation on public support of government policies for aiding overindebted
people. We discuss the contributions of the present findings to design public policies
aimed at aiding overindebted households that are more aligned with the beliefs and
attitudes of the general public.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
When Type 2 Processing Misfires: The Indiscriminate Use of Statistical Thinking about Reasoning Problems
Research on dual-process theories of judgment makes abundant use of reasoning problems that present a conflict between Type 1 intuitive responses and Type 2 rule-based responses. However, in many of these reasoning tasks, there is no way to discriminate between the adequate and inadequate use of rules based on logical or probabilistic principles. To experimentally discriminate between the two, we developed a new set of problems: rule-inadequate versions of standard base-rate problems (where base rates are made irrelevant). Across four experiments, we observed conflict sensitivity (measured in terms of response latencies and response confidence) in responses to standard base-rate problems but also in responses to rule-inadequate versions of these problems. This failure to discriminate between real and merely apparent (or spurious) conflict suggests that participants often misuse statistical information and draw conclusions based on irrelevant base rates. We conclude that inferring the sound use of statistical rules from normatively correct responses to standard conflict problems may be unwarranted when this kind of reasoning bias is not controlled for
Ad hoc categories and false memories: Memory illusions for categories created on-the-spot
Three experiments were designed to test whether experimentally created ad hoc associative networks evoke false memories. We used the DRM (Deese, Roediger, McDermott) paradigm with lists of ad hoc categories composed of exemplars aggregated toward specific goals (e.g., going for a picnic) that do not share any consistent set of features. Experiment 1 revealed considerable levels of false recognitions of critical words from ad hoc categories. False recognitions occurred even when the lists were presented without an organizing theme (i.e., the category's label). Experiments 1 and 2 tested whether (a) the ease of identifying the categories' themes, and (b) the lists' backward associative strength could be driving the effect. List identifiability did not correlate with false recognition, and the effect remained even when backward associative strength was controlled for. Experiment 3 manipulated the distractor items in the recognition task to address the hypothesis that the salience of unrelated items could be facilitating the occurrence of the phenomenon. The effect remained when controlling for this source of facilitation. These results have implications for assumptions made by theories of false memories, namely the preexistence of associations in the activation-monitoring framework and the central role of gist extraction in fuzzy-trace theory, while providing evidence of the occurrence of false memories for more dynamic and context-dependent knowledge structures. (PsycINFO Database RecordSFRH/BD/81238/2011info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Validating a measure for eco-anxiety in Portuguese young adults and exploring its associations with environmental action
Abstract Background Worsening environmental conditions may amplify people’s emotional responses to an environmental crisis (eco-anxiety). In Portugal, young people seem to be especially concerned about climate change. However, this phenomenon needs to be interpreted using accurate instruments. Thus, this study aimed to validate the Portuguese version of the Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale (HEAS) in young adults and examine the associations among eco-anxiety, sociodemographic characteristics, and pro-environmental behaviours. Methods A survey was administered to 623 Portuguese university students aged between 18 and 25 years. The survey included our Portuguese translation of the HEAS (obtained through a back-translation and pretesting process), a sociodemographic assessment, and questions related to pro-environmental behaviours. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the construct validity of the Portuguese version of the HEAS, and global fit indices were used to assess whether the original four-dimensional structure of the scale was reproduced. The reliability of the Portuguese version of the HEAS was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Measurement invariance examined sex differences in scale interpretation. Linear regressions were used to detect whether sociodemographic variables predict eco-anxiety and whether eco-anxiety predicts pro-environmental behaviours. Results The factorial structure of the original scale was replicated in the Portuguese version of the HEAS, showing good internal consistency, reliability over time and strict invariance between men and women. A higher paternal education level predicted greater eco-anxiety in children. Two dimensions of eco-anxiety—namely, rumination and anxiety about personal impacts on the environment—predicted higher engagement in pro-environmental behaviours. Conclusions The translated scale is an appropriate tool to measure eco-anxiety in the Portuguese context and should be used to collect evidence to drive environmental and health policies. An individual’s education level should be considered a determinant of their emotional response to environmental conditions. Importantly, eco-anxiety can act as a protective emotional response to preserving the planet