Basic Subtoposes of the Effective Topos

We employ a new tool (sights) to investigate local operators in the Effective Topos. A number of new such local operators is analyzed using this machinery. Moreover, we investigate a local operator defined in the thesis of A. Pitts, and establish that its corresponding subtopos satisfies true arithmetic.Comment: 26 page

Recent Advances in Unconventional Lithography for Challenging 3D Hierarchical Structures and Their Applications

In nanoscience and nanotechnology, nanofabrication is critical. Among the required processes for nanofabrication, lithography is one of core issues. Although conventional photolithography with recent remarkable improvement has contributed to the industry during the past few decades, fabrication of 3-dimensional (3D) nanostructure is still challenging. In this review, we summarize recent advances for the construction of 3D nanostructures by unconventional lithography and the combination of two top-down approaches or top-down and bottom-up approaches. We believe that the 3D hierarchical nanostructures described here will have a broad range of applications having adaptable levels of functional integration of precisely controlled nanoarchitectures that are required by not only academia, but also industry

Sparked Reduced Graphene Oxide for Low-Temperature Sodium Beta Alumina Batteries

Wetting Na metal on the solid electrolyte of a liquid Na battery determines the operating temperature and performance of the battery. At low temperatures below 200 degrees C, liquid Na wets poorly on a solid electrolyte near its melting temperature (T-m = 98 degrees C), limiting its suitability for use in low-temperature batteries used for large-scale energy-storage systems. Herein, we propose the use of sparked reduced graphene oxide (rGO) that can improve the Na wetting in sodium-beta alumina batteries (NBBs), allowing operation at lower temperatures. Experimental and computational studies indicated rGO layers with nanogaps exhibited complete liquid Na wetting regardless of the surface energy between the liquid Na and the graphene oxide, which originated from the capillary force in the gap. Employing sparked rGO significantly enhanced the cell performance at 175 degrees C; the cell retained almost 100% Coulombic efficiency after the initial cycle, which is a substantial improvement over cells without sparked rGO. These results suggest that coating sparked rGO is a promising but simple strategy for the development of low-temperature NBBs. © 2019 American Chemical Society11sciescopu

NASA Planetary Mission Concept Study: Assessing: Dwarf Planet Ceres' past and Present Habitability Potential

The Dawn mission revolutionized our understanding of Ceres during the same decade that has also witnessed the rise of ocean worlds as a research and exploration focus. We will report progress on the Planetary Mission Concept Study (PMCS) on the future exploration of Ceres under the New Frontiers or Flagship program that was selected for NASA funding in October 2019. At the time this writing, the study was just kicked off, hence this abstract reports the study plan as presented in the proposal

The Auditor-to-Client Revolving Door: A Structured Literature Review

This study analyses the under-explored research area of audit revolving door (ARD). The analytical framework categorised the reviewed articles by author & article information, citation, research theme, motivational event, jurisdiction, nature of research, regional focus, organisational focus, research method, data analysis, literature focus and findings. Our analysis highlights that no particular aspect can be held true or generalised about the ARD phenomenon. The ARD literature is USA dominated, organisationally based and focused on post-departure issues, employing quantitative approach with obvious lack of perceptions of stakeholders. We call for more qualitative research that critiques pre- and post-ARD, addressing the ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions, soliciting perceptions of various stakeholders. To frame directions for future research, we refer to three areas: threats, benefits and safeguards of ARD. Our findings are relevant to research students reviewing the auditing literature to find their own research and to academic auditing researchers looking for appropriate research outlets

Peripheral target identification performance modulates eye movements

We often shift our eyes to an interesting stimulus, but it is important to inhibit that eye movement in some environments (e.g., a no-look pass in basketball). Here, we investigated participants’ ability to inhibit eye movements when they had to process a peripheral target with a requirement to maintain strict fixation. An array of eight letters composed of four characters was briefly presented and a directional cue was centrally presented to indicate the target location. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the cue and the stimulus array was chosen from six values, consisting of pre-cue conditions (−400 and −200 ms), a simultaneous cue condition (0 ms), and post-cue conditions (200, 400, and 800 ms). We found the following: 1) participants shifted their eyes toward the cued location even though the stimulus array was absent at the onset of eye movements, but the eye movement amplitude was smaller than the actual location of the target; 2) eye movements occurred approximately 150 ms after the onset of stimulus array in the pre-cue conditions and 250 ms after cue onset in the simultaneous and post-cue conditions; and 3) eye movement onsets were delayed and their amplitudes were smaller in correct trials than incorrect trials. These results indicate that the inhibitory process controlling eye movements also compete for cognitive resources like other cognitive processes. © 2017 Elsevier Lt101sciescopu

Recent Advances in Unconventional Lithography for Challenging 3D Hierarchical Structures and Their Applications

In nanoscience and nanotechnology, nanofabrication is critical. Among the required processes for nanofabrication, lithography is one of core issues. Although conventional photolithography with recent remarkable improvement has contributed to the industry during the past few decades, fabrication of 3-dimensional (3D) nanostructure is still challenging. In this review, we summarize recent advances for the construction of 3D nanostructures by unconventional lithography and the combination of two top-down approaches or top-down and bottom-up approaches. We believe that the 3D hierarchical nanostructures described here will have a broad range of applications having adaptable levels of functional integration of precisely controlled nanoarchitectures that are required by not only academia, but also industry. © 2016 Jong Uk Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.113971sciescopu

Designs and processes toward high-aspect-ratio nanostructures at the deep nanoscale: Unconventional nanolithography and its applications

The patterning of high-resolution-featured deep-nanoscale structures with a high aspect ratio (AR) has received increasing attention in recent years as a promising technique for a wide range of applications, including electrical, optical, mechanical and biological systems. Despite extensive efforts to develop viable nanostructure fabrication processes, a superior technique enabling defect-free, high-resolution control over a large area is still required. In this review, we focus on recent important advances in the designs and processes of high-resolution nanostructures possessing a high AR, including hierarchical and 3D patterns. The unique applications of these materials are also discussed. © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd1541sciescopu