Automated diagnosis of 7 canine skin tumors using machine learning on H&E-stained whole slide images

Microscopic evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides is still the diagnostic gold standard for a variety of diseases, including neoplasms. Nevertheless, intra- and interrater variability are well documented among pathologists. So far, computer assistance via automated image analysis has shown potential to support pathologists in improving accuracy and reproducibility of quantitative tasks. In this proof of principle study, we describe a machine-learning-based algorithm for the automated diagnosis of 7 of the most common canine skin tumors: trichoblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma, peripheral nerve sheath tumor, melanoma, histiocytoma, mast cell tumor, and plasmacytoma. We selected, digitized, and annotated 350 hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides (50 per tumor type) to create a database divided into training, n = 245 whole-slide images (WSIs), validation (n = 35 WSIs), and test sets (n = 70 WSIs). Full annotations included the 7 tumor classes and 6 normal skin structures. The data set was used to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) for the automatic segmentation of tumor and nontumor classes. Subsequently, the detected tumor regions were classified patch-wise into 1 of the 7 tumor classes. A majority of patches-approach led to a tumor classification accuracy of the network on the slide-level of 95% (133/140 WSIs), with a patch-level precision of 85%. The same 140 WSIs were provided to 6 experienced pathologists for diagnosis, who achieved a similar slide-level accuracy of 98% (137/140 correct majority votes). Our results highlight the feasibility of artificial intelligence-based methods as a support tool in diagnostic oncologic pathology with future applications in other species and tumor types

Clinical, radiologic, pathologic, and molecular characteristics of long-term survivors of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG): a collaborative report from the International and European Society for Pediatric Oncology DIPG registries

Purpose Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a brainstem malignancy with a median survival of < 1 year. The International and European Society for Pediatric Oncology DIPG Registries collaborated to compare clinical, radiologic, and histomolecular characteristics between short-term survivors (STSs) and long-term survivors (LTSs). Materials and Methods Data abstracted from registry databases included patients from North America, Australia, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and Croatia. Results Among 1,130 pediatric and young adults with radiographically confirmed DIPG, 122 (11%) were excluded. Of the 1,008 remaining patients, 101 (10%) were LTSs (survival ≥ 2 years). Median survival time was 11 months (interquartile range, 7.5 to 16 months), and 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year survival rates were 42.3% (95% CI, 38.1% to 44.1%), 9.6% (95% CI, 7.8% to 11.3%), 4.3% (95% CI, 3.2% to 5.8%), 3.2% (95% CI, 2.4% to 4.6%), and 2.2% (95% CI, 1.4% to 3.4%), respectively. LTSs, compared with STSs, more commonly presented at age < 3 or > 10 years (11% v 3% and 33% v 23%, respectively; P < .001) and with longer symptom duration ( P < .001). STSs, compared with LTSs, more commonly presented with cranial nerve palsy (83% v 73%, respectively; P = .008), ring enhancement (38% v 23%, respectively; P = .007), necrosis (42% v 26%, respectively; P = .009), and extrapontine extension (92% v 86%, respectively; P = .04). LTSs more commonly received systemic therapy at diagnosis (88% v 75% for STSs; P = .005). Biopsies and autopsies were performed in 299 patients (30%) and 77 patients (10%), respectively; 181 tumors (48%) were molecularly characterized. LTSs were more likely to harbor a HIST1H3B mutation (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.5; P = .002). Conclusion We report clinical, radiologic, and molecular factors that correlate with survival in children and young adults with DIPG, which are important for risk stratification in future clinical trials

Performance de la mémoire DRAM embarquée sans capacité sur film mince

La cellule memoire DRAM embarquée conventionnelle doit faire face aux contraintes de la miniaturisation tant au niveau du transistor d accès que de la capacité de stockage. Les solutions technologiques proposées aujourd hui induisent un procédé de fabrication complexe et coûteux ainsi qu une perte de densité. Dans cette optique des solutions alternatives apparaissent comme la solution DRAM embarquée sans capacité. Ces architectures utilisent un transistor pour stocker et amplifier les données. Elles possèdent un substrat flottant dans lequel la charge mémoire est stocke e. Dans la course à la miniaturisation, le film mince reste aujourd hui un candidat potentiel pour le noeud technologique 22nm et au delà. Dans cette optique, la potentialité du film mince en tant que DRAM embarquée sans capacité reste une priorité. Ce travail de thèse étudie le concept de cellule memoire DRAM embarquée sans capacité sur film mince. Dans un premier temps, des caracterisations électriques du dispositif FDSOI sont menées permettant de mettre en évidence les mécanismes de programmation possibles. Ensuite une modélisation approfondie est proposée pour rendre compte de tous les phénomènes physiques ayant cours lors des opérations mémoires. Basé sur une approche en charge, ce modèle calibré par des simulations TCAD, tient compte de tous les effets parasites liés a la miniaturisation: les effets canaux courts et les effets quantiques. L etude est poursuivie par la modélisation du comportement dynamique de ces architectures memoires. Il est utilisé par la suite à travers un plan d expérience pour déterminer quels sont les paramètres technologiques ayant le plus d impact sur les specificités de la mémoire : comme l amplitude, le temps de rétention, les temps de programmation et d effacement. Enfin la réalisation technologique d une architecture aàdouble grille indépendante est exposée. Elle permet de résoudre la problématique de sélectivité à l effacement de l architecture mémoire FDSOI.Conventional embedded DRAM memory has to cope with miniaturization of access transistor and storage capacitor. Technological solutions proposed today lead to complex manufacturing process and density loss. In this context, emerging solutions appear such as embedded DRAM without additional storage element. These architectures use only one transistor to amplify and store the data. Memory charge is stored in a floating substrate. In miniaturization race, thin film device remains relevant candidate for 22 nm technology node and beyond. This thesis explores thin film transistor potential as capacitorless embedded DRAM. In a first step, electrical characteristics are carried out on FDSOI devices to demonstrate the possible programming mechanisms. Then a modeling is proposed taking into account physical phenomena occurring during memory operations. Based on a charge approach, the model is calibrated with SWB simulations. Main parasitic effects related to miniaturization, Short Channel Effects and Quantum Effects are detailed. The study is following by the modeling of dynamic memory behaviour until data retention. The model is subsequently used throug a Design Of Experiment to evaluate technological parameters impact on memory characteristics like amplitude, data retention, write and erase time. Finally, Independent Double Gate transistor proposed to solve selectivity issue of FDSOI erasing operation is discussed and technological process step are exposed.AIX-MARSEILLE1-Inst.Médit.tech (130552107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Reaction Mechanisms of Fluoroethylene Carbonate Degradation, an Additive of Lithium-Ion Batteries, Unraveled by Radiation Chemistry

International audienceNumerous additives are used in electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries, especially for the formation of efficient solid electrolyteinterphase at the surface of the electrodes. It is, therefore, necessary to elucidate the degradation processes of these compoundssince it directly affects the lifetime of the battery. These mechanisms can be obtained through radiolysis. In this work, weinvestigated the degradation mechanisms induced by irradiation in fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), a cyclic carbonate, whichis an additive commonly used in lithium-ion batteries. The first reaction steps were studied by pulse radiolysis. At longtimescales, the radiolytic yields of produced gases (H$_2$, CO, and CO$_2$) were quantified. Pulse radiolysis experimentsevidenced the formation of the FEC$^{●-}$ radical anion, characterized by an absorption band centered ca. 430 nm. The radicalanion is not detected when FEC is solubilized in other solvents: ethanol, diethylcarbonate, etc. This radical is indeed stabilizedin neat FEC, whereas the ring opens to form more stable radical anions when FEC is a solute in other solvents, as confirmedby calculations. A multi-species deconvolution of the spectrum measured in pure FEC revealed a small absorption bandcentered around 560 nm, attributed to the solvated electron, decaying in ca. 100 ps. In neat FEC, excess electrons primarilyundergo attachment compared to solvation. Together with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry measurements,all these observations have allowed us to propose a reaction scheme for both the oxidizing and reducing pathways at stake inirradiated FEC. This work gives clues for the reaction mechanisms undergone by FEC present in electrolytes of lithium-ionbatteries and evidences that the nature of the primary species formed in FEC depends on the amount of FEC in the solutio

Reaction Mechanisms of Fluoroethylene Carbonate Degradation, an Additive of Lithium-Ion Batteries, Unraveled by Radiation Chemistry

International audienceNumerous additives are used in electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries, especially for the formation of efficient solid electrolyteinterphase at the surface of the electrodes. It is, therefore, necessary to elucidate the degradation processes of these compoundssince it directly affects the lifetime of the battery. These mechanisms can be obtained through radiolysis. In this work, weinvestigated the degradation mechanisms induced by irradiation in fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), a cyclic carbonate, whichis an additive commonly used in lithium-ion batteries. The first reaction steps were studied by pulse radiolysis. At longtimescales, the radiolytic yields of produced gases (H$_2$, CO, and CO$_2$) were quantified. Pulse radiolysis experimentsevidenced the formation of the FEC$^{●-}$ radical anion, characterized by an absorption band centered ca. 430 nm. The radicalanion is not detected when FEC is solubilized in other solvents: ethanol, diethylcarbonate, etc. This radical is indeed stabilizedin neat FEC, whereas the ring opens to form more stable radical anions when FEC is a solute in other solvents, as confirmedby calculations. A multi-species deconvolution of the spectrum measured in pure FEC revealed a small absorption bandcentered around 560 nm, attributed to the solvated electron, decaying in ca. 100 ps. In neat FEC, excess electrons primarilyundergo attachment compared to solvation. Together with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry measurements,all these observations have allowed us to propose a reaction scheme for both the oxidizing and reducing pathways at stake inirradiated FEC. This work gives clues for the reaction mechanisms undergone by FEC present in electrolytes of lithium-ionbatteries and evidences that the nature of the primary species formed in FEC depends on the amount of FEC in the solutio

Anal and oropharyngeal HPV distribution in HIV‐negative multipartner MSM using self‐sampling kits for HIV and sexually transmitted infection screening

International audienceAbstract Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of sexually transmitted infections, among which HPV infections are particularly prominent. We took advantage of the MémoDépistages study to evaluate HPV distribution at anal and oropharyngeal sites in HIV‐negative multipartner MSM. HPV DNA was detected in 82% ( n = 344) of anal and 11% ( n = 45) of oropharyngeal self‐collected samples taken from 421 participants. Multiple HPV types were detected in 70% of anal samples, and single HPV types in 91% of oropharyngeal samples. HPV16 was the most frequent type detected in the anus, followed by HPV6, HPV51, and HPV52. HPV6, HPV16, and HPV11 were the most prevalent types in the oropharynx. HPV targeted by the nonavalent vaccine was detected in 71% and 50% of HPV‐positive anal and oropharyngeal samples, respectively. The main risk factor associated with HPV detection was frequenting gay meeting places, living in large cities, and having an anal Chlamydia trachomatis / Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. In this cohort of highly sexually active MSM, HPV detection was highly frequent and rendered them at high risk of precancerous and cancerous lesions. Universal vaccination against HPV before sexual debut is an important public health strategy to prevent HPV‐associated cancers in this highly vulnerable population of HIV‐negative MSM

MBCL-43 pronostic factors for overall survival after recurrence in childhood medulloblastoma

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Pattern of loco‐regional relapses and treatment in pediatric esthesioneuroblastoma: The French very rare tumors group ( Fracture ) contribution

Background: Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a rare neuroectodermal tumor that seldom occurs during childhood. Multimodal treatments are currently proposed, but the place of each therapy is still in debate. Our objective is to describe clinical evolution, especially the pattern of relapses and determine contributors to tumor progression.Procedure: Medical charts of all children (≤18 years) affected by ENB treated in France from January 1990 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.Results: Eighteen patients were selected (10 males). Median age at diagnosis was 12.2 years (0.9-18). Tumor extension was Kadish stage A (n = 1), B (n = 3), C (n = 10), and D (n = 4). Hyams histological grades were I (n = 1), II (n = 3), III (n = 6), and IV (n = 6) (in two cases not defined). Initial cervical nodal spread was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (n = 15), computed tomography scan (n = 16), fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography-computed tomography (n = 7), and cytological/histological analysis (n = 2). N1 stage was confirmed by imaging in two of 18 cases and one of two cases had cervical node dissection with neck irradiation (58 Gy). After a median follow-up of survivors of 7.6 years (3.8-17.9), 10 patients developed neuromeningeal progression, whereas no cervical nodal relapse occurred and only eight survived. Both 5-year overall and event-free survival rates were 44.4% (±11.7%).Conclusions: The poor prognosis is mainly related to neuromeningeal dissemination that should be considered during treatment strategy. However, cervical lymph node relapse is rare