Comment la fête territorialise l'espace urbain.<br />Essor des fêtes andines et tensions identitaires dans les basses terres boliviennes

Santa Cruz de la Sierra, principale ville des basses terres boliviennes, a connu dans les cinquante dernières années un afflux de migrants venus des Andes. Ce contexte de migration, provoque des tensions identitaires. L'auteur analyse ici plus particulièrement le rôle de la fête de la Paz comme vecteur de la construction identitaire andine et signe de son appropriation de l'espace urbain. Mais cette fête est également révélatrice des mécanismes de fusion culturelle et de la construction d'une identité métisse

Les enjeux de la fête de La Paz à Santa Cruz

À Santa Cruz de la Sierra, principale ville des plaines boliviennes, les migrants venant de La Paz, dans les Andes boliviennes, célèbrent chaque mois de juillet la tête de leur département d’origine. Cette fête traduit la réalité multiculturelle de Santa Cruz, ville qui a reçu des migrants originaires de toute la Bolivie. En effet, le défilé de danses - point culminant de la fête – constitue une mise en scène de l’identité andine, magnifiée par le choix des musiques et des costumes. Or les migrants andins, que les natifs de Santa Cruz, les Gambas, désignent sous le nom péjoratif de Collas, font l’objet de formes de rejet et de discrimination qui peuvent être dépassées dans et par la fête. Le spectacle de cette société crucénienne multiculturelle préfigure donc les transformations d’une société bolivienne de plus en plus « pluriculturelle ».In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, main city of the Bolivian lowlands, migrants from La Paz, city of the Bolivian Andes, celebrate each July the festival of their native region. This celebration expresses the multicultural reality of Santa Cruz, city where have arrived migrants from all the country. The folkloric ballet, pick of the ceremony, exposes the Andean identity, magnified by the music and costumes. However, the Andean migrants, known by the pejorative name of Callas by the local Cruceño people, the Gambas, suffer various forms of discrimination, that can be put aside during the festival. The spectacle of this multicultural cruceño society thus announces the transformations of a more and more « pluricultural » Bolivian society

Bolivie, de l'autonomie à l'éclatement ?

Le référendum sur l'autonomie départementale qui s'est tenu le 4 mai 2008 dans le département de Santa Cruz, à l'est de la Bolivie, semble menacer l'unité du pays. La crise politique qui en a résulté témoigne de la fracture croissante qui sépare la Bolivie des hautes terres, bastion du président Evo Morales, emblème de la nouvelle gauche latino-américaine et de la défense des droits des peuples indigènes, et la Bolivie plus riche des plaines qui revendique son autonomie.On the 4th of may 2008, a referendum was held in the department of Santa Cruz, in eastern Bolivia : the results seem to threaten the country's unity. The ongoing political crisis is a sign of the growing gap dividing Bolivia. The poor Bolivian highlands are Evo Morales's electoral basis - the president, leader of the new Latin-American political leftwing, is an eager defender of the rights of indigenous people -, whereas the wealthier and whiter lowlands are claiming for more autonomy

Intersectionnalité, migrations et travail domestique : lectures croisées en France et aux États-Unis

À travers une lecture croisée de deux textes, un essai d'Evelyn Nakano Glenn sur la construction racialisée de l'emploi domestique aux États-Unis au cours du XXe siècle et un ouvrage de Christelle Avril sur le travail des aides à domicile en France au début du XXIe siècle, les réflexions qui suivent soulignent l'intérêt de la notion d'intersectionnalité pour étudier la condition des travailleuses domestiques migrantes et/ou racialisées.This paper confronts two studies of women working in domestic service: an essay by Evelyn Nakano Glenn about the racialized construction of domestic work in the United Stades during the XXth century and an ethnographic study of domestic helpers in XXIth century France by Christelle Avril. These studies illustrate how intersectionnality can be a valuable tool to analyze the condition of racialized domestic workers

Fabien Truong, 2015, Jeunesses françaises. Bac + 5 made in banlieue, Paris, La Découverte, 283 p.

Cet ouvrage rend compte d'une enquête ethnographique étendue sur dix ans, entre 2005 et 2015 : Fabien Truong livre une analyse diachronique de trajectoires de « jeunes de banlieue », étudiées dans le cadre d'une thèse de sociologie. Il a rencontré la plupart des enquêtés alors qu'il leur enseignait les Sciences économiques et sociales dans différents lycées de Seine-Saint-Denis, où il a exercé pendant 5 ans comme « titulaire en zone de remplacement », avant de devenir enseignant au départemen..

Characterisation of Structural Proteins from Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV) Using Mass Spectrometry

International audienceChronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) is the etiological agent of chronic paralysis, an infectious and contagious disease in adult honeybees. CBPV is a positive single-stranded RNA virus which contains two major viral RNA fragments. RNA 1 (3674 nt) and RNA 2 (2305 nt) encode three and four putative open reading frames (ORFs), respectively. RNA 1 is thought to encode the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) since the amino acid sequence derived from ORF 3 shares similarities with the RdRP of families Nodaviridae and Tombusviridae. The genomic organization of CBPV and in silico analyses have suggested that RNA 1 encodes non-structural proteins, while RNA 2 encodes structural proteins, which are probably encoded by ORFs 2 and 3. In this study, purified CBPV particles were used to characterize virion proteins by mass spectrometry. Several polypeptides corresponding to proteins encoded by ORF 2 and 3 on RNA 2 were detected. Their role in the formation of the viral capsid is discussed

Pneumocystis pneumonia, a COVID-19 mimic, reminds us of the importance of HIV testing in COVID-19

While clinical environments are highly focused on COVID-19, reports of missed or delayed treatment for conditions that imitate COVID-19, such as pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, are emerging. Given the uncertain spectrum of COVID-19 presentations and variable sensitivity of laboratory tests for SARS-CoV-2, there is a risk that, without a high index of suspicion, alternative aetiologies may be overlooked while pursuing a diagnosis of COVID-19. The British HIV Association has been calling for the inclusion of HIV testing in all patients admitted to hospital with suspected COVID-19. In this article we reflect on the importance of including HIV testing to prevent avoidable morbidity and mortality in our patients.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

A bio-economic model for the ecosystem-based management of the coastal fishery in French Guiana

This paper offers a theoretical and empirical modeling for ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM). A multi-species and multi-fleets model integrating Lokta-Volterra trophic dynamics and profit functions is developed for the coastal fishery of French Guiana. This small-case fishery constitutes a challenging example with high fish biodiversity, several non selective fleets and a potentially increasing local food demand due to demographic pressure. The dynamic model is calibrated with thirteen species and four fleets using catch and effort data on a monthly basis from 2006 to 2009. Several contrasting fishing scenarios including status quo, total closure, economic and viable strategies are simulated and compared from both biodiversity preservation and socio-economic performance viewpoints. We show that fishing outputs including food supply and profitability of fleets can be sustained although a significant loss of biodiversity cannot be avoided.Small-scale fishery, biodiversity, sustainability, profitability, food security, multi-species, multi-fleets

Comparative genomic and proteomic analyses of two Mycoplasma agalactiae strains: clues to the macro- and micro-events that are shaping mycoplasma diversity

Background: While the genomic era is accumulating a tremendous amount of data, the question of how genomics can describe a bacterial species remains to be fully addressed. The recent sequencing of the genome of the Mycoplasma agalactiae type strain has challenged our general view on mycoplasmas by suggesting that these simple bacteria are able to exchange significant amount of genetic material via horizontal gene transfer. Yet, events that are shaping mycoplasma genomes and that are underlining diversity within this species have to be fully evaluated. For this purpose, we compared two strains that are representative of the genetic spectrum encountered in this species: the type strain PG2 which genome is already available and a field strain, 5632, which was fully sequenced and annotated in this study. Results: The two genomes differ by ca. 130 kbp with that of 5632 being the largest (1006 kbp). The make up of this additional genetic material mainly corresponds (i) to mobile genetic elements and (ii) to expanded repertoire of gene families that encode putative surface proteins and display features of highly-variable systems. More specifically, three entire copies of a previously described integrative conjugative element are found in 5632 that accounts for ca. 80 kbp. Other mobile genetic elements, found in 5632 but not in PG2, are the more classical insertion sequences which are related to those found in two other ruminant pathogens, M. bovis and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. In 5632, repertoires of gene families encoding surface proteins are larger due to gene duplication. Comparative proteomic analyses of the two strains indicate that the additional coding capacity of 5632 affects the overall architecture of the surface and suggests the occurrence of new phase variable systems based on single nucleotide polymorphisms. Conclusion: Overall, comparative analyses of two M. agalactiae strains revealed a very dynamic genome which structure has been shaped by gene flow among ruminant mycoplasmas and expansion-reduction of gene repertoires encoding surface proteins, the expression of which is driven by localized genetic micro-events