17 research outputs found

    Le techno-complexe hoabinhien en Asie du Sud-est continentale : L’histoire d’un galet qui cache la forĂȘt

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    The prehistory of Southeast Asia is characterized by some chaĂźnes opĂ©ratoires which are still not very well known or poorly described. This lack of knowledge comes on the geographical remoteness of these tropical regions with respect to Western prehistoric problems developed during the past two centuries. The prehistory of the Far East is complex, original, surprising because on the sidelines of major technical lineages elsewhere known to the relevant period, the one of anatomically modern human advent. This regional prehistory of about 2 million km2, which is called Peninsular or Continental Southeast Asia, refers to the development of a science in motion whose construction is still relevant. In colliding with the classic thesis of evolution and technical progress, the Hoabinhian shakes the rules and landmarks in prehistory. It is located at the antipodes of the classical model (Eurasian, African) of development of the stone tools according to the improvement and gradual lightening of the tool-kit, from the pebble culture until the Neolithic. Our reflection is precisely on this singularity, about a unique technical phenomenon that remains difficult to place on the evolutionary axis of industries as it exists elsewhere in the world or in East Asia (China, Korea, Japan). The regularity and homogeneity of cobble-based tool shapes in a vast area and for a record length of nearly 30,000 years are the main features of this unorthodox technocomplex that questions the cognitive capacity of Homo sapiens in a wet tropical ecosystem. But we also question the nature of the existing links between prehistoric men and their lithic productions, and the role played by knapped stone techniques during the human development in this region away from Europe. To this monotonous longevity of pebble-based tools is added the absence of pointed lithic tools (tips, apical ends, tool with converging salient edges, etc.) as they are found everywhere else in hunter-gatherer groups, whether from the Upper Palaeolithic or historical times.This is why the stability of these pebble-based tools would hide a whole range of complexity unknown to the technical field such as the elusive activities relating to the transformation of hard animal materials but also of vegetable materials not preserved in archaeological context. The thought process from the mineral towards the question of the vegetal sends back the need to complete the "toolbox" of Hoabinhian prehistoric artisans with sharp objects. Known to date only through the ethnographic data, the "vegetal civilization" leads naturally to reflect on the importance of this perishable material in the tool-kit of the last hunter-gatherers from the Upper Pleistocene rain forest in continental Southeast Asia. In other words, the possibility of another technical existence in equilibrium with the external environment.After having highlighted the originality of Hoabinhian cultural phenomenon compared with impact of research in paleoanthropology and prehistory in the Southeast Asia regions, this paper will present from a strictly qualitative point of view the main chaĂźnes opĂ©ratoires that are present within the Hoabinhian techno-complex, a regional variant that characterizes the main culture of Southeast Asia Final Paleolithic hunters-gatherers between about 30 000 and 5 000 years BP. More generally, details will be provided on the informative incompleteness of the lithic phenomenon as archaeological data and, also, on its overcoming as a phenomenon. It will therefore be a question of rethinking the reverse of the lithic-lignic dialectic, that is to say the vegetable objects forever extinguished, in the light of stone tools, the only preserved markers of time, technique, space and absence.La prĂ©histoire du Sud-est asiatique se caractĂ©rise par un matĂ©riel lithique dont les chaĂźnes opĂ©ratoires restent encore peu connues ou mal dĂ©crites. Cette mĂ©connaissance s’explique par l’éloignement gĂ©ographique de ces rĂ©gions tropicales vis Ă  vis des problĂ©matiques prĂ©historiques occidentales dĂ©veloppĂ©es depuis maintenant deux siĂšcles. La prĂ©histoire de l’ExtrĂȘme-Orient est complexe, originale, surprenante parfois paradoxale car en marge des grandes lignĂ©es techniques connues ailleurs pour la pĂ©riode concernĂ©e, celle qui a vu l’avĂšnement de l’Homme anatomiquement moderne. Cette prĂ©histoire rĂ©gionale d’environ 2 millions de km2 que l’on nomme l’Asie du Sud-est pĂ©ninsulaire ou continentale renvoie Ă  l’élaboration d’une science en mouvement dont la construction est toujours d’actualitĂ©. En se heurtant Ă  la thĂšse classique de l’évolution comme Ă  celle du progrĂšs technique, le Hoabinhien bouscule les rĂšgles et les repĂšres en prĂ©histoire. Il se situe aux antipodes du modĂšle classique (Eurasiatique, Africain) de dĂ©veloppement des outils de pierre selon l’enrichissement et l’allĂšgement progressif de l’outillage depuis la pebble culture jusqu’au NĂ©olithique. C’est prĂ©cisĂ©ment sur cette singularitĂ© que porte notre rĂ©flexion Ă  propos d’un phĂ©nomĂšne technique unique qui reste difficile Ă  positionner sur l’axe Ă©volutif des industries tel qu’il existe ailleurs dans le monde ou en Asie de l’Est (Chine, CorĂ©e, Japon). La rĂ©gularitĂ© et l’homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des formes d’outils façonnĂ©es sur galet dans un vaste espace et sur une durĂ©e record de prĂšs de 30 000 ans sont les caractĂ©ristiques principales de ce technocomplexe peu orthodoxe qui interroge la capacitĂ© cognitive d’Homo sapiens en Ă©cosystĂšme tropical humide. Mais aussi, la question de la nature des liens existants entre l’homme et ses productions lithiques ou la place occupĂ©e par la technique de la pierre taillĂ©e lors du dĂ©veloppement humain dans cette rĂ©gion hors d’Europe.A cette monotone pĂ©rennitĂ© d’outils sur galet se greffe l’absence d’outils lithiques pointus (pointe, extrĂ©mitĂ© apicale, outil Ă  bords saillants convergents, etc.) tels qu’ils se rencontrent partout ailleurs chez les groupes de chasseurs-cueilleurs qu’ils soient du PalĂ©olithique supĂ©rieur ou (sub-)actuels.C’est pourquoi la stabilitĂ© de ces outillages sur galet cacherait tout un pan de complexitĂ© inconnu du domaine technique comme l’insaisissable travail des matiĂšres dures d’origine animale mais surtout vĂ©gĂ©tale non conservĂ©es Ă  ce jour dans les niveaux archĂ©ologiques. Le cheminement du minĂ©ral vers la question du vĂ©gĂ©tal renvoie Ă  la nĂ©cessitĂ© de complĂ©ter la « boĂźte Ă  outils » des artisans prĂ©historiques hoabinhiens par des objets pointus. Connue Ă  ce jour qu’à travers les donnĂ©es de l’ethnographie, la « civilisation du vĂ©gĂ©tal » conduit tout naturellement Ă  rĂ©flĂ©chir sur l’importance de ce matĂ©riau pĂ©rissable dans le bagage outillĂ© des derniers chasseurs-cueilleurs de la forĂȘt tropicale d’Asie du Sud-est continentale. Autrement dit, la possibilitĂ© d’une autre existence technique en Ă©quilibre avec le milieu extĂ©rieur.AprĂšs avoir mis en avant l’originalitĂ© du phĂ©nomĂšne culturel hoabinhien au regard de l’impact de la recherche en prĂ©histoire et en palĂ©oanthropologie dans les rĂ©gions du Sud-est asiatique, cet article prĂ©sentera d’un point de vue strictement qualitatif, les chaĂźnes opĂ©ratoires du techno-complexe hoabinhien. FaciĂšs industriel sur galet qui caractĂ©rise la principale culture technique des chasseurs-cueilleurs du PalĂ©olithique final d’Asie du Sud-est entre environ 30 000 et 5 000 ans BP. Plus largement des prĂ©cisions seront apportĂ©es d’une part sur l’inachĂšvement informatif du phĂ©nomĂšne lithique en tant que donnĂ©e archĂ©ologique et d’autre part, sur son dĂ©passement en tant que phĂ©nomĂšne. Il s’agira donc de repenser l’envers de la dialectique lithique-lignic c’est-Ă -dire les objets du vĂ©gĂ©tal Ă  jamais disparus, Ă  la lumiĂšre des objets de pierre taillĂ©e seuls conservĂ©s comme marqueurs de temps, de technique, d'espace et d’absence

    Archéostratigraphie du site préhistorique de Laang Spean : contribution à la préhistoire du Cambodge

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    Laang Spean est la plus grande grotte prĂ©historique du nord-ouest du Cambodge, situĂ©e au sud-ouest de la province de Battambang Ă  environ 330 km de Phnom Penh. NichĂ©e au sommet de la colline calcaire de Phnom Teak Trang, cette grotte a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverte et fouillĂ©e dans les annĂ©es 1960 par CĂ©cile et Roland Mourer puis reprise en 2009 par la Mission prĂ©historique franco-cambodgienne (MNHN, Paris et le MinistĂšre de la Culture du Cambodge). Les dĂ©couvertes obtenues entre 2009 et 2015 constituent le matĂ©riel d’étude de cette thĂšse et ont permis d’enrichir la sĂ©quence archĂ©ologique connue sur une puissance stratigraphique de 5 mĂštres de profondeur. Les horizons culturels comprennent des artefacts lithiques (galets et silex), de la poterie, des os d'animaux et des sĂ©pultures humaines. Le rĂ©sultat principal repose sur la mise en Ă©vidence de trois couches distinctes d'occupation comprise entre 71000 BP Ă  3000 BP : NĂ©olithique, Hoabinhien, prĂ©-hoabinhien. Un nouveau cadre chrono-culturel a Ă©tĂ© obtenu en croisant des mĂ©thodes modernes de datation (14C-AMS, OSL, U-Th et fraction minĂ©rale). Nous avons pu ainsi discuter de l'occupation Hoabinhienne (derniers chasseurs-cueilleurs du Sud-Est asiatique) et la replacer Ă  la transition plĂ©istocĂšne-holocĂšne. AntĂ©rieur au niveau Hoabinhien (11 Ă  71ka), une autre occupation de chasseurs-cueilleurs a Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©e avec des restes de faune et des Ă©clats de silex, qui conduit Ă  nous interroger sur la succession des activitĂ©s humaines prĂ©historiques avant l’HolocĂšne dans cette rĂ©gion calcaire du nord- ouest du Cambodge. Les rĂ©sultats chronologiques et archĂ©o-stratigraphiques nous permettent Ă  prĂ©sent de mieux comprendre la position du techno-complexe Hoabinhien dans son cadre culturel, environnemental et spatial Ă  des fins de comparaisons futures avec d’autres sites de chasseurs-cueilleurs d’Asie du Sud-Est continentale. Enfin, l’étude du site de Laang Spean met en parallĂšle deux modĂšle inĂ©dits d’occupation ancienne et d’exploitation du territoire : un campement pour les chasseurs Hoabinhiens et une nĂ©cropole pour les gens du NĂ©olithique.Laang Spean is the biggest prehistoric cave situated near the top of the limestone mountain known as Phnom Teak Treang, southwest of Battambang province, northwest of Cambodia, and approximately 330 km from Phnom Penh. The cave was discovered and initially excavated by CĂ©cile and Roland Mourer in the 1960s. Since 2009, the site has been re-excavated by the Franco-Cambodian Prehistoric Mission (MNHN-Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia). The abundant archaeological remains collected between 2009 and 2015 represent the database of this Ph.D. and have now been complemented the archaeological occupations on 5 meters of a long sequence. The cultural layers included lithic artefacts (pebbles and flint), pottery, animal bones, and human burials. The new results from seven years of excavation campaigns reveal three main occupation layers ranging from 71 000 BP to 3000 BP: Neolithic, Hoabinhian, and Pre- Hoabinhian levels. A new chronological framework was obtained using modern complementary methods (14C, OSL, U-Th dating and mineral fraction). We were able to discuss the Hoabinhian occupation (last hunter-gatherers of Southeast Asia) and replace the Pleistocene - Holocene transition. Previous Hoabinhian level (11 to 71ka), another hunter-gatherers occupation was registered with animal remains and flint flakes, which lead to question about the succession of prehistoric human activities before the Holocene in this limestone region of Northwestern Cambodia. The chronological and archaeo-stratigraphic results allow us now to better understanding the position of the Hoabinhian techno-complex in its cultural, environmental and spatial framework for the purpose of future comparisons with other hunter-gatherer sites in Mainland Southeast Asia. Finally, the Laang Spean study case shows an association of two kinds of occupation and territory exploitation: a living camp for Hoabinhian hunters and a burial site during the Neolithic period

    Archéostratigraphie du site préhistorique de Laang Spean : contribution à la préhistoire du Cambodge

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    Laang Spean est la plus grande grotte prĂ©historique du nord-ouest du Cambodge, situĂ©e au sud-ouest de la province de Battambang Ă  environ 330 km de Phnom Penh. NichĂ©e au sommet de la colline calcaire de Phnom Teak Trang, cette grotte a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverte et fouillĂ©e dans les annĂ©es 1960 par CĂ©cile et Roland Mourer puis reprise en 2009 par la Mission prĂ©historique franco-cambodgienne (MNHN, Paris et le MinistĂšre de la Culture du Cambodge). Les dĂ©couvertes obtenues entre 2009 et 2015 constituent le matĂ©riel d’étude de cette thĂšse et ont permis d’enrichir la sĂ©quence archĂ©ologique connue sur une puissance stratigraphique de 5 mĂštres de profondeur. Les horizons culturels comprennent des artefacts lithiques (galets et silex), de la poterie, des os d'animaux et des sĂ©pultures humaines. Le rĂ©sultat principal repose sur la mise en Ă©vidence de trois couches distinctes d'occupation comprise entre 71000 BP Ă  3000 BP : NĂ©olithique, Hoabinhien, prĂ©-hoabinhien. Un nouveau cadre chrono-culturel a Ă©tĂ© obtenu en croisant des mĂ©thodes modernes de datation (14C-AMS, OSL, U-Th et fraction minĂ©rale). Nous avons pu ainsi discuter de l'occupation Hoabinhienne (derniers chasseurs-cueilleurs du Sud-Est asiatique) et la replacer Ă  la transition plĂ©istocĂšne-holocĂšne. AntĂ©rieur au niveau Hoabinhien (11 Ă  71ka), une autre occupation de chasseurs-cueilleurs a Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©e avec des restes de faune et des Ă©clats de silex, qui conduit Ă  nous interroger sur la succession des activitĂ©s humaines prĂ©historiques avant l’HolocĂšne dans cette rĂ©gion calcaire du nord- ouest du Cambodge. Les rĂ©sultats chronologiques et archĂ©o-stratigraphiques nous permettent Ă  prĂ©sent de mieux comprendre la position du techno-complexe Hoabinhien dans son cadre culturel, environnemental et spatial Ă  des fins de comparaisons futures avec d’autres sites de chasseurs-cueilleurs d’Asie du Sud-Est continentale. Enfin, l’étude du site de Laang Spean met en parallĂšle deux modĂšle inĂ©dits d’occupation ancienne et d’exploitation du territoire : un campement pour les chasseurs Hoabinhiens et une nĂ©cropole pour les gens du NĂ©olithique.Laang Spean is the biggest prehistoric cave situated near the top of the limestone mountain known as Phnom Teak Treang, southwest of Battambang province, northwest of Cambodia, and approximately 330 km from Phnom Penh. The cave was discovered and initially excavated by CĂ©cile and Roland Mourer in the 1960s. Since 2009, the site has been re-excavated by the Franco-Cambodian Prehistoric Mission (MNHN-Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia). The abundant archaeological remains collected between 2009 and 2015 represent the database of this Ph.D. and have now been complemented the archaeological occupations on 5 meters of a long sequence. The cultural layers included lithic artefacts (pebbles and flint), pottery, animal bones, and human burials. The new results from seven years of excavation campaigns reveal three main occupation layers ranging from 71 000 BP to 3000 BP: Neolithic, Hoabinhian, and Pre- Hoabinhian levels. A new chronological framework was obtained using modern complementary methods (14C, OSL, U-Th dating and mineral fraction). We were able to discuss the Hoabinhian occupation (last hunter-gatherers of Southeast Asia) and replace the Pleistocene - Holocene transition. Previous Hoabinhian level (11 to 71ka), another hunter-gatherers occupation was registered with animal remains and flint flakes, which lead to question about the succession of prehistoric human activities before the Holocene in this limestone region of Northwestern Cambodia. The chronological and archaeo-stratigraphic results allow us now to better understanding the position of the Hoabinhian techno-complex in its cultural, environmental and spatial framework for the purpose of future comparisons with other hunter-gatherer sites in Mainland Southeast Asia. Finally, the Laang Spean study case shows an association of two kinds of occupation and territory exploitation: a living camp for Hoabinhian hunters and a burial site during the Neolithic period

    L’Hoabinhien ou le paradigme Ă©garĂ© de la modernitĂ© europĂ©enne en ExtrĂȘme-Orient : l’exemple de la PrĂ©histoire du Cambodge

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    International audiencePrehistoric research in Southeast Asia was essentially carried out by Western researchers who imported European models for reading carved stone tools, following the example of É. Cartailhac during the French Protectorate in Cambodia (1877, 1883). Although the study of prehistory began quite early in Cambodia, it remained unfinished for a long time due to the ÉFEO’s choice to focus on the architectural restoration of the temples of Angkor (~viiith-xiith century; Herbelin and Wisniewski, 2012). The regional scientific construction of prehistory in Indochina began with the invention of the Bacsonian by H. Mansuy (1924) but above all thanks to thepioneering work of M. Colani (1866-1943). The disastrous geopolitical events during 1970s slowed down the development of Cambodian prehistory brought to light by the Laang Spean cave discovered and excavated in the 1960s by the Mourer. It is only since 2009 that our team has been able to give new impetusto local prehistory thanks to the discovery of a long sequence of human occupation that predates the Hoabinhian period and extends into the Neolithic. In this “monolithic” and monotonous sequence for some or involutive for others, the Hoabinhian phenomenon demonstrates the existence of an Asian techno-functional specificity whose durability is confirmed until very late in the Middle Holocene throughout continental Southeast Asia. It is expressed through a singular and efficient technical choice with the shaping of heavy tools on pebbles adapted to the dense humid forest. It also embodies a disruptive expression of human modernity at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition with respect to the universalist scheme classically proposed by Western science (laminar debitage/weight reduction of lithic tool-supports: point-armature, projectile, scraper, burin, drill/bone tool/art-symbol, etc.). What is the significance of this behavioural counter-example? Does it imply reinventing the relationship to the prehistoric object in the tropical world?La recherche prĂ©historique en Asie du Sud-Est a essentiellement Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e par des chercheurs occidentaux qui ont importĂ© les modĂšles europĂ©ens de lecture des outils de pierre taillĂ©e, Ă  l’image d’É. Cartailhac durant le protectorat français au Cambodge (1877, 1883). Bien que l’étude de la PrĂ©histoire dĂ©bute assez prĂ©cocement au Cambodge, elle demeurera longtemps inachevĂ©e du fait du choix de l’ÉFEO de privilĂ©gier la restauration architecturale des temples d’Angkor (~viii e- xii e siĂšcle ; Herbelin et Wisniewski, 2012). La construction scientifique rĂ©gionale de la prĂ©histoire en Indochine dĂ©marre avec l’invention du Bacsonien par H. Mansuy (1924), mais surtout grĂące aux travaux pionniers de M. Colani (1866-1943). Les funestes Ă©vĂ©nements gĂ©opolitiques des annĂ©es 1970 freinĂšrent le dĂ©veloppement de la prĂ©histoire cambodgienne alors mise enlumiĂšre par la grotte de Laang Spean dĂ©couverte et fouillĂ©e dans les annĂ©es 1960 par C. et R. Mourer. Ce n’est que depuis 2009 que notre Ă©quipe a pu insuffler un nouvel Ă©lan Ă  la prĂ©histoire locale grĂące Ă  la mise au jour d’une longue sĂ©quence d’occupation humaine antĂ©rieure Ă  l’Hoabinhien qui se prolonge jusqu’au NĂ©olithique. Dans cette sĂ©quence « monolithique » et monotone pour certains ou involutive pour d’autres, le phĂ©nomĂšne hoabinhien dĂ©montre l’existence d’une spĂ©cificitĂ© technofonctionnelle asiatique dont la durabilitĂ© se confirme jusque trĂšs tardivement Ă  l’HolocĂšne moyen sur l’ensemble de l’Asie du Sud-Est continentale. Il s’exprime au travers d’un choix technique singulier et efficient avec le façonnage d’outils lourds sur galet adaptĂ© Ă  la forĂȘt dense humide. Il incarne Ă©galement une expression disruptive de la modernitĂ© humaine Ă  la transition PlĂ©istocĂšne-HolocĂšne au regard du schĂ©ma universaliste classiquement proposĂ© par la science occidentale (dĂ©bitage lamino-laminaire/allĂ©gement des supports-outils lithiques : pointe-armature, grattoir, burin, perçoir/outillage osseux/art-symbole, etc.). Quelle est la signification de ce contre-exemple comportemental ?NĂ©cessite-t-il de rĂ©inventer la relation Ă  l’objet prĂ©historique dans le monde tropical

    Wanted: Soft and friable witness. Mimotien ceramic artifacts

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    Circular earthworks with outer walls and inner ditches surrounding a central platform are characteristic of Mimotien settlement sites, which are exclusively found in the red-soil area of East Cambodia and South Vietnam. Up to now, research on this late Neolithic to early Metal Age cultural complex concentrated on the location of the sites and their architectonical features. In this article a description of the Mimotien ceramic inventory is given, based mainly on samples excavated at Krek 52/62 compared to smaller samples and data from other earthworks. The analyses cover technological aspects such as the fabrics used, evidence for production techniques, surface treatment and decorative techniques. Typological analyses include rim, base, and complete vessel forms. The data do not allow a chronological ordering of the rim forms or the examined earthworks, but instead suggest either a short occupation of the sites or low rates of stylistic change together with local pottery traditions or preferences of form and decoration. Spatial analyses at Krek 52/62 show close areas for pottery production on the site and several depots of nearly complete vessels together with spindle whorls and other artifacts. An interpretation of these depots as offerings related to burials is likely, but cannot be definitely proven. The article will be available as a PDF in the near future

    Circular Earthwork Krek 52/62: Recent Research on the Prehistory of Cambodia

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    Since 1996 research on circular earthworks in the red soil region of eastern Cambodia and adjacent Vietnam has intensified. Several as yet undocumented Mimotien sites have broadened the knowledge about the regional distribution, location, and the layout of this site group. Within the scope of a German teaching program at the Royal University of Fine Arts, Phnom Penh, intensive fieldwork at Krek 52/62 and soundings at Phoum Beng, Phoum Kampoan, and the Groslier site yielded more detailed information on the function and the dating of circular earthworks. Typically, the structures are situated on the top of a slight slope and are composed of an outer wall, an inner trench, and an inner central platform lower than the surrounding surface. The rampart could not be used as a water storage system. The elevation at the edge of the inner plateau can no longer be interpreted as intentional construction, but now is explained as the accumulation of an occupational layer. The circular earthworks possess one or two entrances that are constructed either as simple pathways or as complicated bridged systems. Both the profile of the sites (a steep inner side of the outer wall and a shallow inner ditch) and the absence of artifacts usable as weapons argue against the former interpretation as fortifications. Rather, the artifact assemblages of the sites supply evidence for villages of rice farmers. Fragments of lithophones belong to the archaeological assemblages of two circular earthworks. The dating of the sites to the Neolithic is questioned. First attempts of radiocarbon dating of the organic temper of the pottery did not yield clear results. However, a glass bracelet fragment found in situ well within the occupational layer of Krek 52/62 gives evidence for the first millennium B.C. date. KEYWORDS: Cambodia, red soil region, circular earthworks, Mimotien, early glass, lithophones
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