The Mediterranean Rhodes Gyre: modelled impacts of climate change, acidification and fishing

The Mediterranean Rhodes Gyre is a cyclonic gyre with high primary production due to local upwelling of nutrients and occasional deep overturning up to 1 km depth. This nutrient-rich state is in sharp contrast to other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean which are oligotrophic. Here we investigated the upwelling system central to the Rhodes Gyre and the impact of different stressors like meteorological changes, acidification and fishing pressure up to the year 2100. A water column model spanning the physical, chemical and biological system up to top predators (GOTM-ERSEM-BFM-EwE) was used to simulate the pelagic environment under single and combined stressors. Results show that due to increasing winter temperatures, deep overturning events will become more rare in the future until they stop occurring around 2060 under the Paris-agreement climate scenario (RCP4.5) or around 2040 under the business-as-usual climate scenario (RCP8.5). Stratification will become stronger as temperature effects outweigh salinity effects in the surface mixed layer. Together with the lack of deep overturning, this stronger stratification limits the nutrient supply to the euphotic zone, significantly reducing primary production. Phytoplankton species shift towards smaller species as nutrients become more scarce, mimicking the situation found currently on the edge of the gyre. Climatic changes and fishing pressure will affect higher trophic levels in an additive way for some species (sardines, dolphins), while in a synergistic way for others (anchovy, mackerel). Acidification impacts are negligible. Fish stocks will reduce significantly under all scenarios involving climate change effects: ~30% under scenarios imposing RCP4.5 and ~40% under scenarios imposing RCP8.5. The beneficial impact of maximum sustained yield-level fishing is very limited, indicating a need for mitigating measures beyond fleet control

Respuesta IgE específica anti-Blomia tropicalis en niños asmáticos residentes en Santa Marta, una ciudad del Caribe colombiano

Blomia tropicalis es un ácaro intradomiciliario predominante en Colombia. Sin embargo, existe poca información disponible sobre la sensibilización a este y otros ácaros intradomiciliarios en pacientes asmáticos de Santa Marta. El propósito de este estudio fue establecer la respuesta IgE específica contra el ácaro B. tropicalis en pacientes pediátricos asmáticos de Santa Marta. La respuesta IgE específica se determinó por ELISA indirecto en 77 niños con diagnóstico de asma bronquial alérgica. Las fracciones alergénicas mayoritarias de B. tropicalis se identificaron por Western Blotting usando un extracto de proteínas de B. tropicalis. Setenta y seis (98.7%) niños presentaron niveles elevados de IgE total, 48 (88%) tenían IgE anti- B. tropicalis positiva. El Western Blot identificó 16 fracciones alergénicas con rango entre 80- 21 kDa. Estos resultados indican que los alérgenos del ácaro B. tropicalis deben incluirse en el diagnóstico exacto de la sensibilización a los ácaros del polvo doméstico en Santa Marta, Colombia. (DUAZARY 2011, 9 - 16

Climate change, marine resources and a small Chilean community: making the connections

Climate change is affecting large-scale oceanic processes. How and when these changes will impact those reliant on marine resources is not yet clear. Here we use end-to-end modeling to track the impacts of expected changes through the marine ecosystem on a specific, small community: Cochamó, in the Gulf of Ancud wider area, Chile. This area is important for Chilean fisheries and aquaculture, with Cochamó reliant on both lower and upper trophic level marine resources. We applied the GOTM-ERSEM-BFM coupled hydro-biogeochemical water-column model to gauge lower-trophic level marine ecological community response to bottom-up stressors (climate change, ocean acidification), coupled to an existing Ecopath with Ecosim model for the area, which included top-down stressors (fishing). Social scientists also used participatory modeling (Systems Thinking and Bayesian Belief Networking) to identify key resources for Cochamó residents and to assess the community’s vulnerability to possible changes in key resources. Modeling results suggest that flagellate phytoplankton abundance will increase at the cost of other species (particularly diatoms), resulting in a greater risk of harmful algae blooms. Both climate change and acidification slightly increased primary production in the model. Higher trophic level results indicate that some targeted pelagic resources will decline (while benthic ones may benefit), but that these effects might be mitigated by strong fisheries management efforts. Participatory modeling suggests that Cochamó inhabitants anticipate marine ecosystem changes but are divided about possible adaptation strategies. For climate change impact quantification, detailed experimental studies are recommended based on the dominant threats identified here, with specific local species

Asociación entre atopia, asma alérgica y anticuerpos IgE específicos para Áscaris en un grupo de niños de una ciudad de la Costa norte colombiana

Resumen Introducción: El asma es una enfermedad ampliamente distribuida en el mundo, con más de 400 millones de personas afectadas. Actualmente existe un gran interés por determinar el posible efecto protector de las geohelmintiosis en el desarrollo y expresión clínica del asma. Objetivo: Con el propósito de establecer la asociación entre la co-sensibilización al Áscaris (As) y al ácaro Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt) con la severidad del asma bronquial se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles. Materiales y métodos: Un total de 227 sujetos, 97 casos y 130 controles participaron del estudio. A todos se les investigó por niveles séricos de IgE total, IgE específica anti-As y anti-Dpt, y se les practicó un examen coproparasitológico para detectar infestación por geohelmintos. Resultados: De la población estudiada, 211 (93%) presentaron IgE total elevada. En el grupo caso, 75.3% fueron IgE anti-Dpt (+) y 64.9% IgE anti-As (+); en el grupo control, el 76.2% fueron IgE anti- Dpt (+) y 74.6% IgE anti-As (+). El análisis de asociación estadística mostró que una IgE elevada se convierte en factor de riesgo, OR 5,73 (I.C.95%: 1.26 – 52.9 (p= 0,023), mientras que las parasitosis intestinales actúan como factor protector, OR 0,44 (I.C.95%: 0,24 – 0,80) (p= 0.0049). Los niveles de IgE anti-As mostraron asociación significativa con niveles IgE anti-Dpt (p< 0,0001). Conclusiones: Este resultado puede ser explicado por la presencia de reactividad cruzada entre los antígenos de Dpt y As. No se encontró asociación estadística entre la sensibilización a Dpt ó As y la severidad del asma. Palabras claves: Asma, sensibilización, parasitismo intestinal, geohelmintos, D. pteronyssinus, Áscaris sp. Abstract Introduction: Asthma is a disease widely distributed in the world, with more than 400 million people affected. Actuality exist a great interest to determine the possible protective effect of geohelminthiasis in the asthma. Objetive: In order to establish the relationship between Áscaris (AS) and Dermatophoides pteronyssinus (Dpt) mites sensitization with the classification of the bronchial Asthma severity an analytical study of cases and controls was done. Materials and methods: A total of 227 subjects, 97 cases and 130 controls participated in the study. Level of total IgE and specifics IgE anti-As and anti-Dpt were investigated in all the subjects enrolled in the study. Of the studied population, 211 children (93%) presented high total IgE. In the case group 75.3% were anti-Dpt IgE (+) and 64.9 % anti – As (+); in the control group the 76.2% were anti –Dpt IgE (+) and 74.6% anti – As IgE (+). The statistical Association analysis showed that a high IgE becomes risk factor for asthmatic OR 5.73 (I.C 95%: 1.26 – 52.9) (p=0.023), whereas the intestinal parasite infection act like a protective factor, OR 0.44 (I.C. 95%: 0.24-0.80) (p=0.0049). anti-As IgE levels were significantly associated with IgE anti Dpt levels (

Interpreting the Relationship Among Itch, Sleep, and Work Productivity in Patients with Moderate‑to‑Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Post Hoc Analysis of JADE MONO‑2

Background Abrocitinib, an oral, once-daily Janus kinase 1-selective inhibitor, improved itch severity, sleep, and work productivity versus placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate relationships among itch, sleep, and work productivity in the phase III JADE MONO-2 clinical trial. Methods A repeated-measures longitudinal model was used to examine relationships between itch (using the Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale [PP-NRS] or Nighttime Itch Scale [NTIS]) and sleep disturbance/loss (using the Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure sleep item and SCORing AD Sleep Loss Visual Analog Scale) and, separately, between itch and work productivity (using the&nbsp;Work Productivity and Activity Impairment-Atopic Dermatitis Version 2.0 questionnaire). Mediation modelling was used to investigate the effect of treatment (abrocitinib vs placebo) on work impairment via improvements in itch and sleep. Results The relationships between itch/sleep and itch/work productivity were approximately linear. PP-NRS scores of 0, 4–6, and 10 were associated with 0 days, 3–4 days, and 7 days per week of disturbed sleep, respectively. PP-NRS or NTIS scores of 0–1, 4–5, and 10 were associated with 0–10%, 20–30%, and &gt;50% overall work impairment, respectively. Seventy-five percent of the effect of abrocitinib on reducing work impairment was indirectly mediated by improvement in itch, followed by sleep. Conclusion These results quantitatively demonstrate that reducing itch severity is associated with improvements in sleep and work productivity. Empirical evidence for the mechanism of action of abrocitinib showed that itch severity is improved, which reduces sleep loss/sleep disruption and, in turn, improves work productivity. Clinical Trial Registration NCT0357587

Factores de riesgo asociados con asma alérgica en niños de 4 a 16 años de Santa Marta, Colombia

Asthma is a pediatric disease widely distributed in the world. At the present time there are more than 130 million asthmatics people and the projections in health indicate that this number wrath in increase. In Colombia the morbidity and mortality of asthma are elevated, in spite of this in Santa Marta the asthma prevalence and risk factors is not known. In order to determine what are the environmental and population risk factors associated with the allergic asthma in children of 4 to 16 years from Santa Marta, a trasversal descriptive study was done. The risk factors and asthma severity were determined by means of a standardized questionnaire. The clinical diagnosis of asthma was confirmed by espirometric test. Of a total of 227 children, 97 displayed one or more wheezing or recurrent stridor in the last 12 months, 55 were confirmed by espirometric test. Significant association between asthma symptomatology and house dust exposition, smoking, inheritance and intestinal parasitism was found. None statistical association between asthma and acute or chronic desnutritrion was found. These results confirm the importance of indoor allergens in the asthma symptomatology in the Colombian Caribbean. El asma es una enfermedad pediátrica ampliamente distribuida en el mundo. En la actualidad hay más de 130 millones de personas asmáticas y las proyecciones en salud indican que este número irá en aumento. En Colombia la morbilidad y mortalidad por asma es elevada, a pesar de esto en Santa Marta se desconoce la prevalencia de asma y los factores de riesgo. Con el propósito de determinar los factores de riesgo ambiental y poblacional asociados con el asma alérgica en niños de 4 a 16 años de Santa Marta, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Los factores de riesgo y la severidad del asma se establecieron mediante un cuestionario estandarizado. El diagnóstico clínico de asma fue confirmado por espirometría. De un total de 227 niños estudiados, 97 presentaron uno o más episodios de sibilancias o estridor recurrente en los últimos 12 meses, 55 fueron confirmados por espirometría. Se encontró asociación significativa entre la sintomatología de asma, la exposición al polvo casero, el humo del cigarillo, la herencia y el parasitismo intestinal. Ninguna asociación estadística se encontró entre el asma y la desnutrición aguda o crónica. Estos resultados confirman la importancia de los alergenos intradomiciliarios en la sintomatología de asma en el Caribe Colombiano. (Duazary 2008; 1: 9 - 14

Composição Química E Adequação Da Alimentação Oferecida Aos Pré-escolares De Uma Instituição Beneficiente De Manaus, Amazonas , Brasil

Determinou-se os constituintes nutricionais da alimenta&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-escolares de uma creche de Manaus, AM, seguida da adequa&#231;&#227;o da mesma. Foi realizada a coleta da alimenta&#231;&#227;o (desjejum, almo&#231;o e lanches), por meio da por&#231;&#227;o em duplicata, e analisada quimicamente. Os alimentos frequentemente consumidos foram feij&#227;o (25,1%), leite com caf&#233; (19.9%), ch&#225;/sucos/refrigerantes (13,9%) e arroz (10,3%). A adequa&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;ica e energ&#233;tica foram de 126,1% e 32,42%, considerando as necessidades para as faixas et&#225;rias de 1 a 3 anos e 84% e 23,4% para o intervalo de 4 a 6. A quantidade de fibra total encontrada na dieta analisada foi baixa (5,6 g/dia). A adequa&#231;&#227;o de consumo de Cu (431.8% c 293.6%) c Na (512% e 384%), considerando as faixas de 1 a 3 anos e 4 a 6 anos, respectivamente. Ca, Zn e Fe foram limitantes, com adequa&#231;&#227;o inferior a 50%

Prenatal Transmission of Syphilis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Brazil: Achieving Regional Targets for Elimination

Background. The Pan-American Health Organization has called for reducing (1) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) to ≤0.30 infections/1000 live births (LB), (2) HIV MTCT risk to ≤2.0%, and (3) congenital syphilis (CS) incidence to ≤0.50/1000 LB in the Americas by 2015. Methods. Using published Brazilian data in a mathematical model, we simulated a cohort of pregnant women from antenatal care (ANC) through birth. We investigated 2 scenarios: “current access” (89.1% receive one ANC syphilis test and 41.1% receive 2; 81.7% receive one ANC HIV test and 18.9% receive birth testing; if diagnosed, 81.0% are treated for syphilis and 87.5% are treated for HIV) and “ideal access” (95% of women undergo 2 HIV and syphilis screenings; 95% receive appropriate treatment). We conducted univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses on key inputs. Results. With current access, we projected 2.95 CS cases/1000 LB, 0.29 HIV infections/1000 LB, 7.1% HIV MTCT risk, and 11.11 intrauterine fetal demises (IUFD)/1000 pregnancies, with significant regional variation. With ideal access, we projected improved outcomes: 1.00 CS cases/1000 LB, 0.10 HIV infections/1000 LB, HIV MTCT risk of 2.4%, and 10.65 IUFD/1000 pregnancies. Increased testing drove the greatest improvements. Even with ideal access, only HIV infections/1000 LB met elimination goals. Achieving all targets required testing and treatment >95% and reductions in prevalence and incidence of HIV and syphilis. Conclusions. Increasing access to care and HIV and syphilis antenatal testing will substantially reduce HIV and syphilis MTCT in Brazil. In addition, regionally tailored interventions reducing syphilis incidence and prevalence and supporting HIV treatment adherence are necessary to completely meet elimination goals

Evaluating the feasibility of pangolin farming and its potential conservation impact

Pangolins are threatened by overexploitation for local and international use. They are subject to an international commercial trade ban, and are also the focus of other interventions, including attempts at commercial captive breeding. The impact that the latter could have on the conservation of wild populations deserves consideration. We critically evaluate the feasibility of commercial captive breeding (or farming) of pangolins to displace wild collection and assess its potential conservation impact on pangolin conservation using a recently published framework developed for this purpose. Of the 17 conditions posited that need to be met for supply-side interventions to displace wild collection, we find that pangolins meet a maximum of only six conditions. This analysis suggests that pangolin farming will not displace wild collection in the near future. Major barriers include an inability to breed pangolins on a commercial scale and available data suggest that it would be unprofitable. The immediate impact of pangolin farming on conservation of the species’ is unclear, but it is unlikely to benefit the conservation of wild populations. If commercial captive breeding were possible, it is uncertain how it would affect economic incentives for poaching, interactions between legal and illegal markets, stockpile policies, and how consumers and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners would respond. To understand better the potential overall impact of pangolin farming on wild populations there is a need for further research on these uncertainties. The framework used has utility in analysing the potential impact of wildlife farming but there remains a need for a more robust approach to evaluate potential impacts of supplyside interventions.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/geccohb2020Mammal Research InstituteZoology and Entomolog