Somatostatin Serves a Modulatory Role in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb: Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Evidence

Somatostatin (SOM) and somatostatin receptors (SSTR1–4) are present in all olfactory structures, including the olfactory bulb (OB), where SOM modulates physiological gamma rhythms and olfactory discrimination responses. In this work, histological, viral tracing and transgenic approaches were used to characterize SOM cellular targets in the murine OB. We demonstrate that SOM targets all levels of mitral dendritic processes in the OB with somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) detected in the dendrites of previously uncharacterized mitral-like cells. We show that inhibitory interneurons of the glomerular layer (GL) express SSTR4 while SSTR3 is confined to the granule cell layer (GCL). Furthermore, SOM cells in the OB receive synaptic inputs from olfactory cortical afferents. Behavioral studies demonstrate that genetic deletion of SSTR4, SSTR2 or SOM differentially affects olfactory performance. SOM or SSTR4 deletion have no major effect on olfactory behavioral performances while SSTR2 deletion impacts olfactory detection and discrimination behaviors. Altogether, these results describe novel anatomical and behavioral contributions of SOM, SSTR2 and SSTR4 receptors in olfactory processing

Proyecto Puentes: conectando la universidad con la salud mental comunitaria

Se presenta la memoria del Proyecto Puentes, cuya finalidad es explorar e implementar vías de participación entre la comunidad universitaria y las personas con problemas de salud mental. Es decir, tender puentes entre lo académico y la realidad de esas personas, con el propósito de conseguir una fuente de aprendizaje significativo para el estudiantado de la UCM, pero también herramientas útiles en los procesos de recuperación e integración de las personas con problemáticas de salud mental.Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología ClínicaFac. de PsicologíaFALSEsubmitte

Multiorgan MRI findings after hospitalisation with COVID-19 in the UK (C-MORE): a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study

Introduction: The multiorgan impact of moderate to severe coronavirus infections in the post-acute phase is still poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities after hospitalisation with COVID-19, evaluate their determinants, and explore associations with patient-related outcome measures. Methods: In a prospective, UK-wide, multicentre MRI follow-up study (C-MORE), adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital following COVID-19 who were included in Tier 2 of the Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) and contemporary controls with no evidence of previous COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody negative) underwent multiorgan MRI (lungs, heart, brain, liver, and kidneys) with quantitative and qualitative assessment of images and clinical adjudication when relevant. Individuals with end-stage renal failure or contraindications to MRI were excluded. Participants also underwent detailed recording of symptoms, and physiological and biochemical tests. The primary outcome was the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities (two or more organs) relative to controls, with further adjustments for potential confounders. The C-MORE study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04510025. Findings: Of 2710 participants in Tier 2 of PHOSP-COVID, 531 were recruited across 13 UK-wide C-MORE sites. After exclusions, 259 C-MORE patients (mean age 57 years [SD 12]; 158 [61%] male and 101 [39%] female) who were discharged from hospital with PCR-confirmed or clinically diagnosed COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and Nov 1, 2021, and 52 non-COVID-19 controls from the community (mean age 49 years [SD 14]; 30 [58%] male and 22 [42%] female) were included in the analysis. Patients were assessed at a median of 5·0 months (IQR 4·2–6·3) after hospital discharge. Compared with non-COVID-19 controls, patients were older, living with more obesity, and had more comorbidities. Multiorgan abnormalities on MRI were more frequent in patients than in controls (157 [61%] of 259 vs 14 [27%] of 52; p<0·0001) and independently associated with COVID-19 status (odds ratio [OR] 2·9 [95% CI 1·5–5·8]; padjusted=0·0023) after adjusting for relevant confounders. Compared with controls, patients were more likely to have MRI evidence of lung abnormalities (p=0·0001; parenchymal abnormalities), brain abnormalities (p<0·0001; more white matter hyperintensities and regional brain volume reduction), and kidney abnormalities (p=0·014; lower medullary T1 and loss of corticomedullary differentiation), whereas cardiac and liver MRI abnormalities were similar between patients and controls. Patients with multiorgan abnormalities were older (difference in mean age 7 years [95% CI 4–10]; mean age of 59·8 years [SD 11·7] with multiorgan abnormalities vs mean age of 52·8 years [11·9] without multiorgan abnormalities; p<0·0001), more likely to have three or more comorbidities (OR 2·47 [1·32–4·82]; padjusted=0·0059), and more likely to have a more severe acute infection (acute CRP >5mg/L, OR 3·55 [1·23–11·88]; padjusted=0·025) than those without multiorgan abnormalities. Presence of lung MRI abnormalities was associated with a two-fold higher risk of chest tightness, and multiorgan MRI abnormalities were associated with severe and very severe persistent physical and mental health impairment (PHOSP-COVID symptom clusters) after hospitalisation. Interpretation: After hospitalisation for COVID-19, people are at risk of multiorgan abnormalities in the medium term. Our findings emphasise the need for proactive multidisciplinary care pathways, with the potential for imaging to guide surveillance frequency and therapeutic stratification

GENETIC APPROACH TO STUDY THE ROLE OF SONIC HEDGEHOG IN PHYSIOLOGICAL CNS MYELINATION AND REMYELINATION

Tesis leída en la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha ( España ) en 2021La vía de señalización de Hedgehog es determinante en la regulación de la organo-génesis en los vertebrados y juega un papel clave en la organización del SNC. De to-dos los miembros de la familia, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) es el ligando mejor estudiado. Durante el desarrollo, Shh actúa como morfógeno secretable, dando lugar a gradien-tes de concentración. En el cerebro adulto, Shh continúa activo, modulando la auto-rrenovación y la especificación de las células madre neurales (NSC). Además, la se-ñalización de Hedgehog se sobre-expresa después de una lesión cerebral aguda. Es-tudios recientes han demostrado que los progenitores de la zona subventricular ven-tral (V-SVZ) postnatal del prosencéfalo dorsal requieren señalización Shh para dar luegar a nuevos oligodendrocitos (OL) en el cuerpo calloso (CC). Los OL son células gliales que mielinizan los axones y desempeñan un papel fundamental en el desa-rrollo y correcta transmisión de los impulsos nervioso. Existe una población sustan-cial de células precursoras de oligodendrocitos (OPC) que permanece quiescente pe-ro activable durante en el SNC adulto: estos OPCs son necesarias para mantener la plasticidad y el mantenimiento de la mielina, así como después episodios de desmie-linización como los que ocurren durante la esclerosis múltiple (EM). Una de las mo-léculas que se sobre-expresan en las lesiones desmielinizantes que caracterizan a es-ta enfermedad es Shh lo que, potencialmente, regula las respuestas de los OPC y el proceso de remielinización espontánea postlesión. Sin embargo, el efecto directo de la señalización de Shh sobre los OPCs durante el desarrollo posnatal y en respuesta a la desmielinización siguen siendo importantes cuestiones abiertas. La presente tesis doctoral estudia cómo la sobre-expresion y la inhibición parcial de la vía de Shh afec-ta la diferenciación de los OPC tanto durante la mielinización postnatal, como duran-te los fenómenos de desmielinización y remielinización del CC del cerebro adulto. Al trasplantar OPCs en zonas del SNC que no presentan mielina en condiciones fisioló-gicas, como la retina, se demuestra que el efecto de la activación/inhibición de esta cascada es dependiente de factores ambientales que difieren en función de el esta-dio de desarrollo. Finalmente, estudiamos por primera vez el efecto directo del li-gando Shh sobre OPCs aislados de corteza cerebral de humano adulto

Study on high pressure homogenization and high power ultrasound effectiveness in inhibiting polyphenoloxidase activity in apple juice

High pressure homogenization (HPH) and ultrasound with (USct) or without (US) temperature control were applied to apple juice individually or in combination for inactivating polyphenoloxidase (PPO). Ten passes HPH at 150 MPa were needed to achieve 50% PPO inactivation. USct led to 90% PPO decrease at the longest time (45 min), whereas total enzyme inactivation was achieved by subjecting samples to 6 min US. Results showed that temperature affected enzyme inactivation rather than the process applied. Moreover, the HPH-USct and HPH-US combined treatments led to enzyme residual activities similar to those caused by the application of HPH and USct, and US individual treatments, respectively. US provided to the apple juice less energy density to obtain PPO inactivation than USct and HPH, due to the contribution of the in situ generated heat. Also, US showed the lowest energy consumption, thus confirming its appropriateness

Somatostatin Serves a Modulatory Role in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb: Neuroanatomical and Behavioral Evidence

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00061/full#supplementary-material PMCID: PMC6465642International audienceSomatostatin (SOM) and somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-4) are present in all olfactory structures, including the olfactory bulb (OB), where SOM modulates physiological gamma rhythms and olfactory discrimination responses. In this work, histological, viral tracing and transgenic approaches were used to characterize SOM cellular targets in the murine OB. We demonstrate that SOM targets all levels of mitral dendritic processes in the OB with somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) detected in the dendrites of previously uncharacterized mitral-like cells. We show that inhibitory interneurons of the glomerular layer (GL) express SSTR4 while SSTR3 is confined to the granule cell layer (GCL). Furthermore, SOM cells in the OB receive synaptic inputs from olfactory cortical afferents. Behavioral studies demonstrate that genetic deletion of SSTR4, SSTR2 or SOM differentially affects olfactory performance. SOM or SSTR4 deletion have no major effect on olfactory behavioral performances while SSTR2 deletion impacts olfactory detection and discrimination behaviors. Altogether, these results describe novel anatomical and behavioral contributions of SOM, SSTR2 and SSTR4 receptors in olfactory processing

Osteoporosis's Menopausal Epidemiological Risk Observation (O.M.E.R.O.) study

Osteoporosis (OP) and related fractures are well-known severe conditions affecting quality of life and life expectancy of postmenopausal women, with high economic costs in Europe. On behalf of The Italian Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Società Italiana di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia, SIGO), the Osteoporosis's Menopausal Epidemiological Risk Observation (O.M.E.R.O.) study, a national multicenter study on clinical risk factors of OP was organized, using FRAX® tool as a reference. Here, data from this study are presented, showing an important portion of Italian postmenopausal women affected by osteopenia/OP at high risk of fracture and the need to do prevention and/or treatment. Gynecologist can be a primary specialist in this important challenge