Airworthiness Considerations of Supply Chain Management from Boeing 787 Dreamliner Battery Issue

AbstractWith the globalization of the economy, the aviation market competition intensifies and the aviation product development mode has correspondingly changed. The aircraft manufacturers pack more and more works to the suppliers to join the development work. The role of suppliers becomes more and more important during the development. Therefore, the problems of suppliers are following which have a significant influence on the aircraft design, manufacture and EIS which is means through the whole lifecycle of the aircraft.On January 16, 2013, an ANA flight made an emergency landing in western Japan after a cockpit message warned of battery problems and a burning smell was detected in the cockpit and cabin. At the same time, the FAA issued an emergency airworthiness directive ordering all U.S.-based airlines to ground their Boeing 787s until yet-to-be-determined modifications are made to the electrical system to reduce the risk of the battery overheating or catching fire. This is the first time that the FAA has grounded an airliner type since 1979. This event caused that Boeing shares has fell 2.6%. It is not the only accident of Boeing 787. Similarly, for other aircraft types, such as the Airbus A380, had to delay delivery due to supplier problem. It can be conclude that the supply chain management has an important impact on the aircraft development. From the perspective of airworthiness, this paper analyze the suppliers management of Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery issue and some advices are given to provide references and learnt lessons to the aircraft industry.The main content of this paper is as follows:First of all, the context and the purposes of this study was introduced in Chapter 1; the airworthiness regulation of CAAC, FAA and EASA about applicants’ supplier management are introduced. All requirements covering supplier managements would be concluded.Secondly, this paper focus on the whole process and solution of Boeing 787 battery issue and analyze the airworthiness problem of supplier management.Boeing 787 uses the lithium-ion battery which was produced by Yuasa and assembled by Thales who are integrate it into avionic system. Thales is the tie 1 supplier and Yuasa is the tie 2 supplier. This paper will introduce the whole process and the final resolution given by Boeing. Based on the airworthiness regulation, the airworthiness problem of supplier management reflected from Boeing 787 battery issue would be analyzed, especially in the tie 2 supplier management show compliance with the airworthiness requirements.Thirdly, on the basis of precious analysis, the actual airworthiness regulation would be concluded and supplier management of some international company would be presented as example. It is shown that development mode change has brought more problems of supplier management.Finally, this paper proposes how to fully meet the airworthiness requirements to suppliers management. Some ideas and suggestions are given to avoid the similar events and support aviation industr

Integrated genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma

Oesophageal cancers are prominent worldwide; however, there are few targeted therapies and survival rates for these cancers remain dismal. Here we performed a comprehensive molecular analysis of 164 carcinomas of the oesophagus derived from Western and Eastern populations. Beyond known histopathological and epidemiologic distinctions, molecular features differentiated oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas from oesophageal adenocarcinomas. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas resembled squamous carcinomas of other organs more than they did oesophageal adenocarcinomas. Our analyses identified three molecular subclasses of oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas, but none showed evidence for an aetiological role of human papillomavirus. Squamous cell carcinomas showed frequent genomic amplifications of CCND1 and SOX2 and/or TP63, whereas ERBB2, VEGFA and GATA4 and GATA6 were more commonly amplified in adenocarcinomas. Oesophageal adenocarcinomas strongly resembled the chromosomally unstable variant of gastric adenocarcinoma, suggesting that these cancers could be considered a single disease entity. However, some molecular features, including DNA hypermethylation, occurred disproportionally in oesophageal adenocarcinomas. These data provide a framework to facilitate more rational categorization of these tumours and a foundation for new therapies

The Somatic Genomic Landscape of Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma

We describe the landscape of somatic genomic alterations of 66 chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (ChRCCs) based on multidimensional and comprehensive characterization, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and whole genome sequencing. The result is consistent that ChRCC originates from the distal nephron compared to other kidney cancers with more proximal origins. Combined mtDNA and gene expression analysis implicates changes in mitochondrial function as a component of the disease biology, while suggesting alternative roles for mtDNA mutations in cancers relying on oxidative phosphorylation. Genomic rearrangements lead to recurrent structural breakpoints within TERT promoter region, which correlates with highly elevated TERT expression and manifestation of kataegis, representing a mechanism of TERT up-regulation in cancer distinct from previously-observed amplifications and point mutations

Multiplatform Analysis of 12 Cancer Types Reveals Molecular Classification within and across Tissues of Origin

Recent genomic analyses of pathologically-defined tumor types identify “within-a-tissue” disease subtypes. However, the extent to which genomic signatures are shared across tissues is still unclear. We performed an integrative analysis using five genome-wide platforms and one proteomic platform on 3,527 specimens from 12 cancer types, revealing a unified classification into 11 major subtypes. Five subtypes were nearly identical to their tissue-of-origin counterparts, but several distinct cancer types were found to converge into common subtypes. Lung squamous, head & neck, and a subset of bladder cancers coalesced into one subtype typified by TP53 alterations, TP63 amplifications, and high expression of immune and proliferation pathway genes. Of note, bladder cancers split into three pan-cancer subtypes. The multi-platform classification, while correlated with tissue-of-origin, provides independent information for predicting clinical outcomes. All datasets are available for data-mining from a unified resource to support further biological discoveries and insights into novel therapeutic strategies

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Analysis of Relationship between Quality Management System and Design Assurance System

AbstractTo assure customer satisfaction, the aerospace design organization must establish its own quality management system to demonstrate that its capabilities to produce, and continually improve, safe, reliable products meet or exceed customer. At the same time, the design organization must establish the design assurance system for obtaining the design organization approval (DOA). Both of these documented systems should be prepared for new design organizations, such as Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China, Ltd. (COMAC). After presenting these two systems in detail, the relationship between them are analyzed and concluded. This article suggests that the new design organization could optimizer their own structure for making some saving costs during requesting the certifications of DOA and AS9100

Research on Application of Design Assurance for Aviation Hardware based on DO-254

AbstractRTCA DO-254, “Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware,” the best industry practice and experience for the airborne hardware design assurance, outlines an approach for providing design assurance confidence for functions of a range of design assurance levels. DO-254 using functional failure path analysis (FFPA) method to decompose the hardware functions, verify it so as to achieve the purpose of compliance with safety requirements. However, is limited in detail and providers no examples, making it difficult to understand for engineering designer based on the development and application. This article will research the function failure path analysis (FFPA) method, and illustrates it with an aeronautical engineering case by LRU example to enhance understanding and to accumulate experience of applications for DO-254