Abnormal uterine bleeding in a woman with caesarean scar defect (isthmocele): a case report

The caesarean scar defect generally is described as a triangular or circular sonographically anechoic area in the myometrium of the anterior lower uterine segment or cervix at the site of a previous caesarean section. Caesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgeries and the trend is increasing in the recent years. One long-term complication of caesarean delivery which is not often discussed is the presence of a defect within the uterine scar that is directly associated with a type of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) referred to as postmenstrual bleeding. In addition to AUB, presented as pelvic pain, dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, unexplained infertility. Caesarean scar defect is one such cause of AUB which is overlooked as the history of caesarean section will be many years ago. One such case of woman presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding and pain in abdomen with caesarean defect who was managed in our tertiary care centre reported here

Types and Classification of Nerve Injury: A Review

Nerve injuries are the most common conditions with varying symptoms, depending on the severity, intensity and nerves involved. Though much information is available on the mechanisms of injury and regeneration, reliable treatments that ensure full functional recovery are limited. The type of nerve injury alters the treatment and prognosis. This review article aims to summarize the various types of nerve injuries and their classification

Maya Index Analysis of Dengue Fever Vector in East Metro Sub-District Lampung Province Indonesia

Dengue fever was one of the dangerous diseases due to it might cause death in a short time. It transmitted through its vectors, namely, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Maya index is an indicator that used to identify a high-risk area or not as a breeding ground for Aedes sp. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of landfill which has the potential as a breeding ground for mosquitoes, to find out the larvae found in various landfill sites, and to know the Maya index status in Metro Timur Subdistrict which was carried out in November-December 2017. This research conducted by a direct survey of 100 residents\u27 houses in East Metro. The results indicated that the type of controlled water reservoir that had the most potential as a breeding place for mosquitoes was a bathtub, while the type of water reservoir that was not controlled which had the potential as a place for mosquito breeding was a fish pond usage. There were 2 types of larvae found, namely, Aedes aegypti larvae with a percentage of 47.7% and Aedes albopictus larvae with a percentage of 52.3%. The Maya index status detected there, was a medium category, which obtained from the BRI combination and HRI category. Besides, it did not mean that the area has been free from dengue cases. The role of the community is still very much needed in eradicating landfills which has the potential as a breeding place for dengue mosquitoes vector

The efficacy of transvaginal ultrasonography and office hysteroscopy in evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a prevalent issue in women of child bearing age group. AUB can be uncomfortable and have a considerable impact on health-related quality of life. AUB is reported to occur in 9 to 14% women between menarche and menopause and reported prevalence in India is around 17.9%. Methods: It is a prospective observational study done in 75 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding attending the gynaecology outpatient department (OPD) at Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Vijayapura, Karnataka. Patient was thoroughly examined and then transvaginal sonography (TVS) was done after obtaining consent. This was followed by office hysteroscopy(OH) and endometrial biopsy was taken for histopathological examination. Data were gathered and examined and cost analysis of each procedure was done. Results: The most frequent presenting symptom was heavy menstrual bleeding (49.3%). For proliferative and secretory endometrium, the sensitivity of TVS was 81.48% and for the detection of polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, and submucous fibroid it was 45.45%, 42.86%, 100% respectively. The sensitivity of OH for detection of polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, and submucous fibroid which was 46.15%, 100%, 100% respectively. The p value was <0.05 which shows the statistical significance of both tests. TVS demonstrated low correlation for intracavitary diseases. OH was costlier when compared to TVS. Conclusions: TVS has more sensitivity and accuracy in detecting intramural pathologies. OH had showed greater diagnostic accuracy in identifying intra cavitary pathologies of uterus and doing intervention in the same setting

Are nanobiosensors an improved solution for diagnosis of Leishmania?

Leishmaniasis is one of the deadliest neglected tropical diseases affecting 1215 million people worldwide, especially in middle- and low-income countries. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease is important for its adequate management and treatment. Several techniques are available for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Among these, parasitological and immunological tests are most widely used. However, in most cases, the utilized diagnostic techniques are not good enough, showing cross-reactivity and reduced accuracy. In recent years, many new methods have been reported with potential for improved diagnosis. This review focuses on the diagnosis of Leishmania exploring the biosensors and nanotechnology-based options for their detection. New developments including the use of nanomaterials as fluorophores, fluorescence quenchers as reducing agents and as dendrimers for signal improvement and amplification, together with the use of aptamers to replace antibodies are described. Future research opportunities to overcome the current limitations on the available diagnostic approaches are also discussed.This work was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (2010/17.721-4), Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) through the projects M-ERA-NET/0004/2015 (PAIRED) and UIDB/04469/2020 (strategic fund) funded by national funds, and co-financed Educa tion (FCT/MEC) from national funds and FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT202info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Encryption and Decryption of Images with Pixel Data Modification Using Hand Gesture Passcodes

To ensure data security and safeguard sensitive information in society, image encryption and decryption as well as pixel data modifications, are essential. To avoid misuse and preserve trust in our digital environment, it is crucial to use these technologies responsibly and ethically. So, to overcome some of the issues, the authors designed a way to modify pixel data that would hold the hidden information. The objective of this work is to change the pixel values in a way that can be used to store information about black and white image pixel data. Prior to encryption and decryption, by using Python we were able to construct a passcode with hand gestures in the air, then encrypt it without any data loss. It concentrates on keeping track of simply two pixel values. Thus, pixel values are slightly changed to ensure the masked image is not misleading. Considering that the RGB values are at their border values of 254, 255 the test cases of masking overcome issues with the corner values susceptibility

Initial severity of depression and efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy: individual-participant data meta-analysis of pill-placebo-controlled trials

BACKGROUND: The influence of baseline severity has been examined for antidepressant medications but has not been studied properly for cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in comparison with pill placebo. AIMS: To synthesise evidence regarding the influence of initial severity on efficacy of CBT from all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which CBT, in face-to-face individual or group format, was compared with pill-placebo control in adults with major depression. METHOD: A systematic review and an individual-participant data meta-analysis using mixed models that included trial effects as random effects. We used multiple imputation to handle missing data. RESULTS: We identified five RCTs, and we were given access to individual-level data (n = 509) for all five. The analyses revealed that the difference in changes in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression between CBT and pill placebo was not influenced by baseline severity (interaction P = 0.43). Removing the non-significant interaction term from the model, the difference between CBT and pill placebo was a standardised mean difference of -0.22 (95% CI -0.42 to -0.02, P = 0.03, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients suffering from major depression can expect as much benefit from CBT across the wide range of baseline severity. This finding can help inform individualised treatment decisions by patients and their clinicians.R01 MH060998 - NIMH NIH HHS; R34 MH086668 - NIMH NIH HHS; R01 AT007257 - NCCIH NIH HHS; R21 MH101567 - NIMH NIH HHS; K02 MH001697 - NIMH NIH HHS; R01 MH060713 - NIMH NIH HHS; R34 MH099311 - NIMH NIH HHS; R21 MH102646 - NIMH NIH HHS; K23 MH100259 - NIMH NIH HHS; R01 MH099021 - NIMH NIH HH

Biosurfactants: properties and applications in drug delivery, biotechnology and ecotoxicology

Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds having hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in their structure. They can be of synthetic or of microbial origin, obtained respectively from chemical synthesis or from microorganisms activity. A new generation of ecofriendly surfactant molecules or biobased surfactants is increasingly growing, attributed to their versatility of applications. Surfactants can be used as drug delivery systems for a range of molecules given their capacity to create micelles which can promote the encapsulation of bioactives of pharmaceutical interest; besides, these assemblies can also show antimicrobial properties. The advantages of biosurfactants include their high biodegradability profile, low risk of toxicity, production from renewable sources, functionality under extreme pH and temperature conditions, and long-term physicochemical stability. The application potential of these types of polymers is related to their properties enabling them to be processed by emulsification, separation, solubilization, surface (interfacial) tension, and adsorption for the production of a range of drug delivery systems. Biosurfactants have been employed as a drug delivery system to improve the bioavailability of a good number of drugs that exhibit low aqueous solubility. The great potential of these molecules is related to their auto assembly and emulsification capacity. Biosurfactants produced from bacteria are of particular interest due to their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties with therapeutic and biomedical potential. In this review, we discuss recent advances and perspectives of biosurfactants with antimicrobial properties and how they can be used as structures to develop semisolid hydrogels for drug delivery, in environmental bioremediation, in biotechnology for the reduction of production costs and also their ecotoxicological impact as pesticide alternative.This work was supported by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT/MCT) and from European Funds (PRODER/COMPETE) through the grants M-ERA-NET/0004/2015 (PAIRED), UIDB/04469/2020 (strategic fund), and UIDB/04033/2020 (CITAB), cofinanced by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT2020. T. Pashirova acknowledges the financial support received from the government assignment for FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Good news: fielding women candidates doesn’t put parties at a disadvantage in elections

We know women are more likely to be elected under proportional representation, but it hasn’t been clear which aspects of PR benefit them. Sona N. Golder, Laura B. Stephenson, Karine van der Straeten, André Blais, Damien Bol, Philipp Harfst and Jean-François Laslier designed an experiment in which people could cast (fake) votes for (real) European Parliament candidates in three different ways. They found that having more women on the ballot does not – as some fear – put off voters