Comparison of ethanedinitrile (C2N2) and metam sodium for control of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchidae) and Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in naturally infested logs at low temperatures

The Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly known as pinewood nematode in Japan, is a quarantine pest and is most often associated with beetles of the genus Monochamus, the pine sawyers, particularly Monochamus alternatus. Long-distance dispersal of the nematode and its vectors led to widespread losses in pine forests. Two fumigation trials were conducted for treatment of logs naturally infested with both M. alternatus and B. xylophilus. The logs were treated with ethanedinitrile or metam sodium at low temperature (-7-25.7°C and -3.7-23.1°C) for 3-d exposure in winter and early spring. Fumigation with ethanedinitrile at concentrations of 48, 68, 97 and 158 g/m3 resulted in 34.6-58.3, 91.5-97.2, 100, and 100% mortality for M. alternatus and 88.4, 77.9, 96.4, and 98.0% mortality for B. xylophilus, respectively. With Metam sodium fumigation at a dose rate of 1162 g/m3, 100% M. alternatus and 97.4% B. xylophilus were killed. These results suggest that 97 g/m3 of ethanedinitrile is adequate for complete control of M. alternatus in pine wood and >158 g/m3 is required for eradication of B. xylophilus at low temperature fumigation. These results suggest that 97 g/m3 of ethanedinitrile offers complete control of M. alternatus in pine wood and control of >98% B. xylophilus in winter or spring fumigation at a dosage rate of 158 g/m3. Therefore, ethanedinitrile has great potential for treatment of fresh pine wooden logs to manage the nematodes and the vector insects at low temperature

Depth-Resolved Composition and Electronic Structure of Buried Layers and Interfaces in a LaNiO3_3/SrTiO3_3 Superlattice from Soft- and Hard- X-ray Standing-Wave Angle-Resolved Photoemission

LaNiO$_3$ (LNO) is an intriguing member of the rare-earth nickelates in exhibiting a metal-insulator transition for a critical film thickness of about 4 unit cells [Son et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 062114 (2010)]; however, such thin films also show a transition to a metallic state in superlattices with SrTiO$_3$ (STO) [Son et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 202109 (2010)]. In order to better understand this transition, we have studied a strained LNO/STO superlattice with 10 repeats of [4 unit-cell LNO/3 unit-cell STO] grown on an (LaAlO$_3$)$_{0.3}$(Sr$_2$AlTaO$_6$)$_{0.7}$ substrate using soft x-ray standing-wave-excited angle-resolved photoemission (SWARPES), together with soft- and hard- x-ray photoemission measurements of core levels and densities-of-states valence spectra. The experimental results are compared with state-of-the-art density functional theory (DFT) calculations of band structures and densities of states. Using core-level rocking curves and x-ray optical modeling to assess the position of the standing wave, SWARPES measurements are carried out for various incidence angles and used to determine interface-specific changes in momentum-resolved electronic structure. We further show that the momentum-resolved behavior of the Ni 3d eg and t2g states near the Fermi level, as well as those at the bottom of the valence bands, is very similar to recently published SWARPES results for a related La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ superlattice that was studied using the same technique (Gray et al., Europhysics Letters 104, 17004 (2013)), which further validates this experimental approach and our conclusions. Our conclusions are also supported in several ways by comparison to DFT calculations for the parent materials and the superlattice, including layer-resolved density-of-states results

Exactly soluble model for self-gravitating D-particles with the wormhole

We consider D-particles coupled to the CGHS dilaton gravity and obtain the exact wormhole geometry and trajectories of D-particles by introducing the exotic matter. The initial static wormhole background is not stable after infalling D-particles due to the classical backreaction of the geometry so that the additional exotic matter source should be introduced for the stability. Then, the traversable wormhole geometry naturally appears and the D-particles can travel through it safely. Finally, we discuss the dynamical evolution of the wormhole throat and the massless limit of D-particles.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, revte

Chiral Magnetic Effect in Hydrodynamic Approximation

We review derivations of the chiral magnetic effect (ChME) in hydrodynamic approximation. The reader is assumed to be familiar with the basics of the effect. The main challenge now is to account for the strong interactions between the constituents of the fluid. The main result is that the ChME is not renormalized: in the hydrodynamic approximation it remains the same as for non-interacting chiral fermions moving in an external magnetic field. The key ingredients in the proof are general laws of thermodynamics and the Adler-Bardeen theorem for the chiral anomaly in external electromagnetic fields. The chiral magnetic effect in hydrodynamics represents a macroscopic manifestation of a quantum phenomenon (chiral anomaly). Moreover, one can argue that the current induced by the magnetic field is dissipation free and talk about a kind of "chiral superconductivity". More precise description is a ballistic transport along magnetic field taking place in equilibrium and in absence of a driving force. The basic limitation is exact chiral limit while the temperature--excitingly enough- does not seemingly matter. What is still lacking, is a detailed quantum microscopic picture for the ChME in hydrodynamics. Probably, the chiral currents propagate through lower-dimensional defects, like vortices in superfluid. In case of superfluid, the prediction for the chiral magnetic effect remains unmodified although the emerging dynamical picture differs from the standard one.Comment: 35 pages, prepared for a volume of the Springer Lecture Notes in Physics "Strongly interacting matter in magnetic fields" edited by D. Kharzeev, K. Landsteiner, A. Schmitt, H.-U. Ye

Magnetized cosmological perturbations

A large-scale cosmic magnetic field affects not only the growth of density perturbations, but also rotational instabilities and anisotropic deformation in the density distribution. We give a fully relativistic treatment of all these effects, incorporating the magneto-curvature coupling that arises in a relativistic approach. We show that this coupling produces a small enhancement of the growing mode on superhorizon scales. The magnetic field generates new nonadiabatic constant and decaying modes, as well as nonadiabatic corrections to the standard growing and decaying modes. Magnetized isocurvature perturbations are purely decaying on superhorizon scales. On subhorizon scales before recombination, magnetized density perturbations propagate as magneto-sonic waves, leading to a small decrease in the spacing of acoustic peaks. Fluctuations in the field direction induce scale-dependent vorticity, and generate precession in the rotational vector. On small scales, magnetized density vortices propagate as Alfv\'{e}n waves during the radiation era. After recombination, they decay slower than non-magnetized vortices. Magnetic fluctuations are also an active source of anisotropic distortion in the density distribution. We derive the evolution equations for this distortion, and find a particular growing solution.Comment: Revised version, typos corrected, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Low Energy Theory for 2 flavors at High Density QCD

We construct the effective Lagrangian describing the low energy excitations for Quantum Chromodynamics with two flavors at high density. The non-linear realization framework is employed to properly construct the low energy effective theory. The light degrees of freedom, as required by 't Hooft anomaly conditions, contain massless fermions which we properly include in the effective Lagrangian. We also provide a discussion of the linearly realized Lagrangian.Comment: 17 pages, RevTeX format, references added. To appear in Phys. Rev.

Isolated oxygen defects in 3C- and 4H-SiC: A theoretical study

Ab initio calculations in the local-density approximation have been carried out in SiC to determine the possible configurations of the isolated oxygen impurity. Equilibrium geometry and occupation levels were calculated. Substitutional oxygen in 3C-SiC is a relatively shallow effective mass like double donor on the carbon site (O-C) and a hyperdeep double donor on the Si site (O-Si). In 4H-SiC O-C is still a double donor but with a more localized electron state. In 3C-SiC O-C is substantially more stable under any condition than O-Si or interstitial oxygen (O-i). In 4H-SiC O-C is also the most stable one except for heavy n-type doping. We propose that O-C is at the core of the electrically active oxygen-related defect family found by deep level transient spectroscopy in 4H-SiC. The consequences of the site preference of oxygen on the SiC/SiO2 interface are discussed

Interwell coupling effect in Si/SiGe quantum wells grown by ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition

Si/Si0.66Ge0.34coupled quantum well (CQW) structures with different barrier thickness of 40, 4 and 2 nm were grown on Si substrates using an ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV-CVD) system. The samples were characterized using high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Blue shift in PL peak energy due to interwell coupling was observed in the CQWs following increase in the Si barrier thickness. The Si/SiGe heterostructure growth process and theoretical band structure model was validated by comparing the energy of the no-phonon peak calculated by the 6 + 2-bandk·pmethod with experimental PL data. Close agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental data was obtained

Dilaton gravity approach to three dimensional Lifshitz black hole

The z=3 Lifshitz black hole is an exact black hole solution to the new massive gravity in three dimensions. In order to understand this black hole clearly, we perform a dimensional reduction to two dimensional dilaton gravity by utilizing the circular symmetry. Considering the linear dilaton, we find the same Lifshitz black hole in two dimensions. This implies that all thermodynamic quantities of the z=3 Lifshitz black hole could be obtained from its corresponding black hole in two dimensions. As a result, we derive the temperature, mass, heat capacity, Bekesnstein-Hawking entropy, and free energy.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure, version to appear in EPJ

New agegraphic dark energy in Horava-Lifshitz cosmology

We investigate the new agegraphic dark energy scenario in a universe governed by Horava-Lifshitz gravity. We consider both the detailed and non-detailed balanced version of the theory, we impose an arbitrary curvature, and we allow for an interaction between the matter and dark energy sectors. Extracting the differential equation for the evolution of the dark energy density parameter and performing an expansion of the dark energy equation-of-state parameter, we calculate its present and its low-redshift value as functions of the dark energy and curvature density parameters at present, of the Horava-Lifshitz running parameter $\lambda$, of the new agegraphic dark energy parameter $n$, and of the interaction coupling $b$. We find that $w_0=-0.82^{+0.08}_{-0.08}$ and $w_1=0.08^{+0.09}_{-0.07}$. Although this analysis indicates that the scenario can be compatible with observations, it does not enlighten the discussion about the possible conceptual and theoretical problems of Horava-Lifshitz gravity.Comment: 17 pages, no figures, version published at JCA