98 research outputs found
Degradation of water resources in rural Burkina Faso: drivers, local perceptions and solutions.
Burkina Faso reformed its water management institutions and adopted integrated water resources management (IWRM) for more than two decades, yet the country still suffers from weak institutions and ineffective implementation of water management reforms. The key institutional question is: âHow can IWRM reforms be adapted to increase effectiveness and sustainability of water management, and improve livelihoods of rural populations through increased participation of local stakeholders?â A key practical issue related to this bigger institutional question is to understand the barriers to adoption of good land and water management measures by riparian farmers and other land/water users, and the mechanisms to induce behavioral change among these users. Knowledge gaps exist in understanding the local perceptions and preferences of alternative management measures, and the incentive mechanisms to induce behavioral change. The aim of this study, which was part of a 3-year project entitled âParticipatory planning for more inclusive and sustainable water management in rural Burkina Fasoâ, was to understand the perceptions, preferences and willingness of farmers and other land/water users to adopt environmentally friendly land and water management measures. The study also examined potential mechanisms that could induce riparian economic actors to adopt such measures
Les usagers de lâeau face Ă la dĂ©gradation des ressources : entre prise de conscience et volontĂ© dâagir
Cette Ă©tude menĂ©e en 2018 dans trois rĂ©gions du Burkina Faso avec lâappui de lâInternational Water Management Institute IWMI visait Ă comprendre les pratiques agricoles et de gestion des ressources naturelles, les choix ou prĂ©fĂ©rences des usagers de ces ressources ainsi que les mĂ©canismes pouvant les inciter Ă adopter des mesures de gestion plus respectueuses de lâenvironnement. Selon ses rĂ©sultats, beaucoup sont conscients de la rarĂ©faction et de la dĂ©gradation de la qualitĂ© des ressources et en identifient des causes. Les usagers interrogĂ©s se sont dit prĂȘts Ă adopter des mesures de gestion, y compris Ă travers une contribution financiĂšre
Methodological guide: Community participatory inventory and prioritization of climate-smart crop-livestock agroforestry technologies / practices
This guide addresses the issue of identifying priority interventions for communities
in the face of climate change. The manual is about participatory approach
of inventorizing and prioritizing climate-smart crop-livestock-agroforestry and
social technologies / practices. The guide provides a step by step guidance on
how project/extension workers can work with communities and other development
stakeholders in the target sites to identify practices that can help local
communities to better adapt to climate variability in production.
The guide was developed within the framework of a project âBuilding resilient
agro-sylvo-pastoral systems in West Africa through participatory action researchâ
(BRAS-PAR)â which is one ofthe flagship 2 projects funded by the CGIAR
Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
The flagship 2 of CCAFS, which is about climate-smart technologies and practices,
addresses the challenge of how to transition to a climate-smart agriculture
(CSA) at a large scale for enabling agricultural systems to be transformed and
reoriented to support food security under the new realities of climate change.
Led by ICRAF-WCA/Sahel, the BRAS-PAR project is being implemented by a
consortium of National research institutes in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger and
Senegal, IUCN, and ILRI
Guide methodologique: MĂ©thode communautaire participative dâinventaire et de priorisation des technologies / pratiques dâagriculture Ă©levage-agroforesterie climato-intelligentes
Ce guide traite des questions dâidentification des interventions prioritaires pour
les communauteÌs dans le contexte du changement climatique. Il sâagit dâune approche
participative dâinventaire et de priorisation des technologies / pratiques
dâagriculture-eÌlevage-agroforesterie et sociales climato-intelligentes. Le guide
fournit aux agents de terrain un accompagnement etÌape par etÌape pour travailler
avec les acteurs cleÌdans les sites cibles, pour identifier les pratiques prometteuses
qui aideraient ces derniers aÌsâadapter aux variabiliteÌs climatiques dans
leurs activiteÌs de production.
Le guide a eÌteÌproduit dans le cadre dâun projet âBuilding resilient agro-sylvopastoral
systems in West Africa through participatory action researchâ (BRASPAR)â
qui est lâun des projets de la Composante 2 financeÌe par le programme de
recherche du CGIAR sur les Changements Climatiques, lâAgriculture etla SecÌ uriteÌ
Alimentaire (CCAFS). La composante 2 du CCAFS, quitraite des pratiques ettechnologies
climato-intelligentes, sâattaque aux deÌfis de comment passer aÌune
agriculture climato-intelligente (ACI) aÌplus grande eÌchelle pour permettre aux
systemÌ es agricoles dâetÌre transformesÌ et reoÌ rientesÌ pour soutenir la secÌ uriteÌalimentaire
dans le contexte actuel de changement climatique. PiloteÌpar lâICRAFWCA/Sahel,
le projet BRAS- PAR est mis en Ćuvre au Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger
et SenÌ egÌ al par un consortium dâinstitutions nationales de recherche (INERA, SARI,
INRAN et ISRA), IUCN et ILRI
Optimisation de la production de biométhane à partir des déchets organiques municipaux
La gestion des dĂ©chets municipaux est devenue une prĂ©occupation majeure dans les pays en dĂ©veloppement, due au manque de politique et de stratĂ©gie adaptĂ©es. LâĂ©tude rĂ©alisĂ©e a portĂ© sur la valorisation biotechnologique de la fraction biodĂ©gradable des dĂ©chets au Burkina Faso. Une analyse physico-chimique des dĂ©chets Ă©chantillonnĂ©s dans trois (3) centres de prĂ©collecte de dĂ©chets municipaux de Ouagadougou a Ă©tĂ©Â rĂ©alisĂ©e. Lâinfluence du type dâinoculum (eaux usĂ©es, bouse bovine, flux de broyat de termites et une mixture de ces 3 inocula) et de la charge en substrat (dĂ©chets organiques) a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e au cours dâessais de fermentation mĂ©thanique. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont montrĂ© que les dĂ©chets organiques municipaux constituent un substrat de prĂ©dilection pour la mĂ©thanisation avec un ratio C/N de 31,65. Les essais de fermentation ont permis de noter que la bouse bovine comme inoculum avec une charge en dĂ©chets municipaux de 2% donnait la meilleure production de biomĂ©thane (297,65 l CH4 / Kg MSV). Il ressort de cette Ă©tude que les dĂ©chets municipaux peuvent ĂȘtre traitĂ©s par la voie de la biomĂ©thanisation car prĂ©sentant un potentiel de bioconversion intĂ©ressant.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clĂ©s: DĂ©chets organiques, digestion anaĂ©robie, biomĂ©thane, environnement, Burkina FasoEnglish Title: Optimization of biomethane production from municipal solid organic wastesEnglish AbstractMunicipal solid organic wastes management became a major preoccupation. The achieved study focuses the biotechnological valorization of the biodegradable fraction of solid organic wastes in Burkina Faso.  Physicochemical characterization analysis of solid wastes sampled in 03 Ouagadougouâs centers of municipal wastes deposits was achieved. The influence of inoculum source (wastewater, bovine dung, termitesâ homogenate and mixture) and substrate concentration (municipal solid waste) were evaluated during biomethane production tests. Results showed that organic fraction of solid wastes represent a source of predilection for methanization with 31.65 C/N cow. Fermentation tests showed that bovine dung used as inoculum in 2% of municipal solid waste gave the highest rate of biomethane production (297.65 l CH4 / Kg vs). The results demonstrate that municipal wastes can be valorized by biomethanization way because presenting interesting bioconversion potential.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Organic wastes, anaerobic digestion, biomethane, environment, Burkina Fas
Contribution à la biométhanisation de la biomasse végétale: cas des résidus de légumes au Burkina Faso
La matiĂšre organique constitue une source de bioĂ©nergie par la voie de la digestion anaĂ©robie. Le but de cette Ă©tude est de dĂ©terminer les paramĂštres physico-chimiques et les effets de lâinoculation ainsi que de la tempĂ©rature sur la biomĂ©thanisation des rĂ©sidus de lĂ©gumes. Des Ă©chantillons de rĂ©sidus de lĂ©gumes collectĂ©s dans des localitĂ©s diffĂ©rentes (restaurants universitaires et marchĂ©s de lĂ©gumes) Ă Ouagadougou ont servi de substrat. LâĂ©tude des paramĂštres physico-chimiques a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© Ă lâaide des mĂ©thodes standard (AOAC, APHA) et le biogaz produit a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ© par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Le pH, la matiĂšre sĂšche, la matiĂšre sĂšche volatile, les cendres, le carbone organique, les protĂ©ines, les lipides et les carbohydrates totaux ont Ă©tĂ© respectivement de 5,87; 11,78%; 80,46%; 1,3%; 46,68%; 10,02%; 9,95%; 60,67%. La composition en minĂ©raux exprimĂ©e en mg/g de matiĂšre sĂšche Ă©tait de 12,69 (Ca2+) ; 19,44 (Ka+) ; 11,05 (Na+) ; 1,608 (N) ; 3,92 (p) ; 0,97 (SO4 2-). Lâeffet de lâinoculum a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence par une production nulle de CH4 Ă partir dâun temoin non inoculĂ©. La tempĂ©rature optimale de production de biomĂ©thane a Ă©tĂ© de 44 °C avec un rendement de 238 ml CH4/g de MS.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clĂ©s: DĂ©chets, lĂ©gume, valorisation, biogaz, Burkina FasoEnglish Title: Contribution to the biometanation of plant biomass: case of vegetable residues in Burkina FasoEnglish AbstractOrganic material is a source of bioenergy through anaerobic digestion. The purpose of this study is to determine the physico-chemical parameters and the effects of inoculation as well as temperature on biomethanation of vegetable wastes. Samples of vegetable residues collected in different localities (canteens  and vegetable markets) in Ouagadougou were used as substrate. The study of physico-chemical parameters was performed using standard methods (AOAC, APHA) and biogas produced was analyzed by gas chromatography. pH, solids , volatile solids , ash, organic carbon , proteins , lipids and total carbohydrates were respectively 5.87 ; 11.78% ; 80.46 % ; 1.3% ; 46.68 % ; 10.02% ; 9.95% ; 60.67 %. The mineral composition expressed as mg/g dry matter was 12.69 (Ca2+); 19.44 (K+) ; 11.05 (Na+); 1.608 (N); 3.92 (p); 0.97 (SO42-). Inoculum effect was evidenced by no production of CH4 using an uninoculated control. The optimum temperature for biogas production was 44 °C in a yield of 238 ml CH4/g DM.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Waste, vegetables, valorization, Biogas, Burkina Fas
Antifungal potential of essential oils, aqueous and ethanol extracts of thirteen plants against Fusarium oxysporum f . sp Lycopersici and Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary as major tomato pathogens
Antifungal activity of essential oils (EO), ethanol extracts (ETE) and cold water extracts (CWE) of thirteen plants was
evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophtora infestans causal agents of tomato Fusarium wilt and late blight diseases respectively. The supplemented media and slide germination techniques were carried out to determine the effect of extracts on the mycelial growth and conidia germination of pathogens. The results showed that essential oils exhibited the highest antifungal activity followed by ETE and CWE. Callistemon citrinus, Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils were the most active inhibiting completely radial growth and conidia germination of Phytophtora infestans at 312.5 and 625 ”g/ml. Essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus inhibited totally the radial growth and conidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum at 625 and 312.5 ”g/ml respectively. ETE of Ageratum conyzoides and Callistemon citrinus were the most active inhibiting radial growth of Phytophtora infestans. Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum were the most active against radial growth and conidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum at 6250 ”g/ml. The fungi toxic potential of some extracts was comparable to synthetic fungicides used as positive controls. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ETE and CWE revealed that stronger inhibiting effects were recorded with extracts rich in phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and coumarins. These findings may contribute to develop new green fungicides to protect tomato from Fusarium wilt and late blight diseases
In silico identification of a candidate synthetic peptide (Tsgf1(18-43)) to monitor human exposure to tsetse flies in West Africa
Background: The analysis of humoral responses directed against the saliva of blood-sucking arthropods was shown to provide epidemiological biomarkers of human exposure to vector-borne diseases. However, the use of whole saliva as antigen presents several limitations such as problems of mass production, reproducibility and specificity. The aim of this study was to design a specific biomarker of exposure to tsetse flies based on the in silico analysis of three Glossina salivary proteins (Ada, Ag5 and Tsgf1) previously shown to be specifically recognized by plasma from exposed individuals. Methodology/Principal Findings: Synthetic peptides were designed by combining several linear epitope prediction methods and Blast analysis. The most specific peptides were then tested by indirect ELISA on a bank of 160 plasma samples from tsetse infested areas and tsetse free areas. Anti-Tsgf1(18-43) specific IgG levels were low in all three control populations (from rural Africa, urban Africa and Europe) and were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in the two populations exposed to tsetse flies (Guinean HAT foci, and South West Burkina Faso). A positive correlation was also found between Anti-Tsgf1(18-43) IgG levels and the risk of being infected by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the sleeping sickness foci of Guinea. Conclusion/Significance: The Tsgf1(18-43) peptide is a suitable and promising candidate to develop a standardize immunoassay allowing large scale monitoring of human exposure to tsetse flies in West Africa. This could provide a new surveillance indicator for tsetse control interventions by HAT control programs
Multi-Actors' Co-Implementation of Climate-Smart Village Approach in West Africa: Achievements and Lessons Learnt
Climate change and variability are significant challenges for the environment and
food security worldwide. Development strategies focusing simultaneously on adaptive
farming, productivity, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-known as
climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategies-are key to responding to these challenges.
For almost a decade, within the framework of Climate Change, Agriculture and Food
Security (CCAFS), World Agroforestry (ICRAF), and its partners have been using
Participatory Action Research (PAR) to fully engage key stakeholders in co-creating
such CSA development strategies. This includes the testing of Agricultural Research for
Development (AR4D) CSA scalability options. The multidisciplinary teams include the
National Research and Extension Systems (NARES), national meteorological services
(NMS), non-profit organizations (NGOs), and local radio programs, among others. The
CCAFS-West Africa Program,World Agroforestry-West and Central Africa (ICRAF-WCA),
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), University of Reading, and
Centre RĂ©gional de Formation et dâApplication en Agro-mĂ©tĂ©orologie et Hydrologie
Opérationnelle (AGRHYMET) provide technical backstopping to the national teams.
Climate information (CI) was used as an entry point to inform the development of CSA
technologies and practices within Climate-Smart Villages (CSV). This groundwork has led
to a greater understanding of three critical factors for successful CSV implementation:
(1) Building strong partnerships to co-design and develop agricultural systems that
improve ecosystemand population resilience, (2) Key stakeholders (researchers, farmers,
development agents, and students) capacity strengthening through vocational and
academic training, and (3) Using CI for livelihood planning at all scales. These three
factors support more effective identification and testing of agricultural technologies and
practices addressing climate variability and change at plot, community, and landscape levels. This paper discusses the PAR-CSA methodology and parameters for evaluation,
including biophysical and social change. Keys to success, including communication,
knowledge sharing tools, and scalability are also discussed. Finally, future opportunities
for improvement are presented, including knowledge product development, CSA policy
and investment planning, capacity building, further engagement of the private sector, and
additional research on existing practices and tools
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