Observations from the Hydrolysis of the Green Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis)

There is a large amount of coproduct generated by the sea urchin fisheries around the world as well as a growing interest in removing large quantities of undersize and low value sea urchins from barren areas in the northern Atlantic and Pacific coasts as well as other areas around the world. The authors believe there is scope to develop a hydrolysate product from this and this study gives preliminary observations on the characteristics of hydrolysate from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. The biochemical composition for S. droebachiensis is moisture 64.1%, protein 3.4%, oil 0.9%, and ash 29.8%. Amino acid composition, molecular weight distribution, lipid-class, and fatty acid composition are also presented. The authors suggest a sensory-panel mapping be undertaken on future sea urchin hydrolysates. Possible uses for the hydrolysate are unclear at this stage but the combination of amino acids and the relatively high levels of glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid should be further investigated.Observations from the Hydrolysis of the Green Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis)publishedVersio

Pilot-scale valorisation of salmon peptone into polyhydroxyalkanoates by mixed microbial cultures under conditions of high ammonia concentration

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Valorisation of crustacean and bivalve processing side streams for industrial fast time-to-market products: A review from the European Union regulation perspective

A massive amount of crustaceans and bivalves are consumed each year, leading to millions of tons of processing side streams from the seafood industry. Considering the current trend of (bio)circular and zero-waste food production, crustacean and bivalve processing side streams (CBPS) seem a promising and emerging resource for producing high-value-added products. This paper highlights the general composition of CBPS with high commercial values, namely, protein, lipids, carotenoids, minerals and chitins. The extraction strategies of these fractions, including conventional chemical and environmentally friendly methods, are also discussed. This review presents and summarises CBPS as raw materials for developing fast time-to-market products complying with specific EU regulations, including animal feeds, bio-pesticide/stimulants, and cosmetic ingredients. This paper also provides insights into challenges of applying CBPS as raw materials to generate products for human consumption

Antimicrobial peptides in Urticina eques and Echinus esculentus. Isolation, characterisation, and structure-activity relationship studies

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a serious global problem. Infections that once were easily cured with antibiotics have now become nearly impossible to treat. Thus, there is a desperate need for new antibacterial drugs. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse group of compounds. Amongst their unique features are their ability to kill bacteria (often both Gram-positive and Gram-negative) as well as other microorganisms rapidly without toxicity to other cells. AMPs have been suggested as an option for treating bacterial infections where traditional antibiotics have little effect. The overall aim of the study was to discover and characterise novel AMPs in Echinodermata and Cnidaria, and secondarily to map bioactivities, explore toxicity and perform structure-activity relationship studies. The most potent AMPs were discovered via bioassay-guided purification in the edible sea urchin Echinus esculentus, killing bacteria at low µM-concentrations and fungi at somewhat higher concentrations. The AMPs were homologous to the centrocins and strongylocins of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and were named EeCentrocins 1 and 2 (dimeric and with the antimicrobial activity located in the heavy chain), Ee4634 and EeStrongylocin 2. All AMPs were post-translationally modified on all Trp-residues with a bromine in the 6 position. Additional post-translational modifications involved C-terminal amidation on the light chains of EeCentrocins 1 and 2, N-terminal cyclic glutamate on EeCentrocin 2 and disulphide bonds on EeStrongylocin 2. None of the EeCentrocin HCs displayed toxicity to human erythrocytes. Structure-activity relationship studies on EeCentrocin 1 heavy chain (30 amino acids) led to a truncated 12-mer AMP where Asp8 and Asn12 were replaced with Ala and Lys respectively. The AMP displayed potent antimicrobial activities. Additionally, an Ala-scan was performed identifying the two Trp-residues as crucial for activity towards Gram-negative bacteria, whereas the anti-Gram-positive activity was more dependent on the Trp in position two. An AMP in Urticina eques was named -AnmTx Ueq 12-1 (short name Ueg 12-1) and characterised. This AMP was antibacterial exclusively towards the Gram-positive Corynebacterium glutamicum at 50 µM concentrations. Ueq 12-1 was bifunctional as it potentiated the TRPA1 ion channel in addition to its antibacterial activity. Analgesic activity was furthermore demonstrated in vivo in rats where the peptide reduced licking behaviour on a hot-plate test. The primary sequence of Ueq 12-1 appeared non-homologous to any currently known peptides, but the 3D-structure was somewhat homologous to the defensins

Observations from the Hydrolysis of the Green Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis)

There is a large amount of coproduct generated by the sea urchin fisheries around the world as well as a growing interest in removing large quantities of undersize and low value sea urchins from barren areas in the northern Atlantic and Pacific coasts as well as other areas around the world. The authors believe there is scope to develop a hydrolysate product from this and this study gives preliminary observations on the characteristics of hydrolysate from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. The biochemical composition for S. droebachiensis is moisture 64.1%, protein 3.4%, oil 0.9%, and ash 29.8%. Amino acid composition, molecular weight distribution, lipid-class, and fatty acid composition are also presented. The authors suggest a sensory-panel mapping be undertaken on future sea urchin hydrolysates. Possible uses for the hydrolysate are unclear at this stage but the combination of amino acids and the relatively high levels of glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid should be further investigated

Lab scale extraction of components from snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) co-products, and estimation of processing costs based on a small-scale demonstration plant (Biotep)

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First observation of seasonal variations in the meat and co-products of the snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in the Barents Sea

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