The Polar Code Process and Sovereignty Bargains: Comparing the Approaches of Canada and Russia to POLARIS

Owing to a shift from the culture of compliance to the culture of benchmarking, the Polar Code process of ensuring safe operation and environmental protection in Polar waters is still ongoing. The risk and goal-based approaches embedded in significant parts of the Polar Code invite different stakeholders to participate in the development of Arctic shipping governance. The methodology used in the process, such as POLARIS, may serve as a common baseline, but its utility relies on further updates and validation. The reliability of decision-support systems depends largely on whether different stakeholders embrace the system and share their experiences to facilitate systematic updates. This article compares the approaches of the two major coastal states, Canada and Russia, to POLARIS as reflected in their coastal state systems of shipping control in the Canadian Arctic Waters and the Russian Northern Sea Route (NSR). Considering that much Arctic shipping occurs within the Canadian Arctic and the NSR, their regulatory approaches may affect POLARIS’s popularity, acceptance, and, eventually, success in providing a common regulatory baseline

The ‘Due Regard’ of Article 234 of UNCLOS: Lessons From Regulating Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea

Article 234 of UNCLOS is in many ways exceptional, but it is not unique in the sense that it grants to the coastal state “complete” legislative power. Arguably, “complete” coastal state jurisdiction exists in the territorial sea for the purposes enumerated in Article 21(1), allowing coastal states to adopt ship reporting systems, pilotage, and other routing measures unilaterally. The analysis of state practice reveals that states often decide to engage the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in different ways, even when such a course of action is not mandatory. This article advocates for meaningful deliberation as both a suitable method of meeting Article 234’s due regard standard, and a practice that can be expected from a steward

The Genesis of Article 234 of the UNCLOS

Article 234 is exceptional regarding its wording and placement in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), as well as in its historical background. The Arctic provision has given rise to divergent interpretations regarding the conditions for invoking it, the limitations on the authority under Article 234, and its spatial scope of application. It has served as a justification for specific legislation adopted by Canada and Russia that has been opposed by the United States. The article, describes as a “textbook example of finding a compromise in international treaty negotiations,” was negotiated directly and privately, among these three states during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III). This article describes the historical background to Article 234 and sheds new light on the negotiating process that led to the adoption of the provision

The Polar Silk Road and the future governance of the Northern Sea Route

This article examines China’s Polar Silk Road (PSR) and its legal implications for the future governance of the Northern Sea Route (NSR). It first discusses China’s economic and geopolitical interests in the so-called Polar Silk Road. The article then focuses on comparing Russian regulation of the NSR and Chinese regulation of foreign vessels as a coastal state. Both China and Russia are contracting parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The comparison of domestic legislations aims to provide a detailed analysis on convergence and divergence of their implementation and enforcement of the UNCLOS on issues related to freedom of navigation, especially when it comes to foreign vessels, including military vessels, within national jurisdiction. The comparative study, therefore, helps determine to what extent China could vocally shape the development the NSR regulations in an era of climate change

‘One Map to Rule Them All’? Revisiting Legalities Through Cartographic Representations of the Northwest Passage

In the legal conceptualization of space, cartography has always been a fundamental tool narrating, representing, generating, or even (re)claiming territory. In this article, we examine the relationship between cartography and international law by looking at different cartographic representations of the area covering the disputed “Northwest Passage” (NWP). In an attempt to discuss how mapping may spring from different ontological assumptions of space among sovereign states and Indigenous communities, this article is devoted to investigations concerning different forms of law–space entanglements drawn from 12 different maps pertinent to the NWP, aiming to critically reconsider the very essence of law applicable to the region. The article supports the argument that approaching the juridical architecture of the Arctic from a pluralistic perspective that also accounts for non-Western visions of space may help as a valuable conceptual lens to rethink “territory” and revisit existing legal realities

Dwie rękopiśmienne wersje Kartoteki Tadeusza Różewicza

This article discusses two handwritten versions of Tadeusz Różewicz’s Kartoteka (The Card Index) from the manuscript of the play which since the 70s is to be found in Professor Józef Kelery’s archive. The range of differences between the manuscript and the printed version of the drama is comparable as between Kartoteka (The Card Index) and Kartoteka rozrzucona (The Scattered Card Index). In the manuscript the author distinguished Kartoteka (The Card Index) and Odmiana tekstu (The Kind of Text). A similar division into Kartoteka (The Card Index) and Odmiana tekstu (The Kind of Text) was used by the poet when the works were printed in 1971. Loose pages from Odmiana tekstu (The Kind of Text) contain unordered fragments of the play of written in 1957. These are mainly variants of conversations of the Hero with the Choir in which the author referred to the then vivid debate on the poetic drama. Mieczysław Kotlarczyk was made a hidden partner of discussion and disguised the Choir as actors of Teatr Rapsodyczny (The Rhapsodic Theatre). On the other hand, Kartoteka (The Card Index) of 1958 is a well-ordered and coherent paginated text by the author himself. In this version the author divided the play into three acts, putting most emphasis on the scene of the Wielki Egzamin (A Big Exam). He also removes unrealistic motifs, among other things, the scene when the Choir participates. The poet writes about the peerelowska (Polish People’s Republic’s the reality with the passion of a political commentator, referring to political harassment)

Muzyka Ariela i muzyka Kalibana w Burzy Williama Szekspira

Jan Kott wrote that in Tempest there is Ariel's music and Caliban's music and that there have not been a performance of The Tempest in which there would be no distinction between the two musics. Differentiation of various musics is not only a theatrical trick which serves greater dynamics the reception of the play, but it touches deeper and structural meanings. Opposition between Caliban's music and Ariel's music de facto reveals a clash of a civilisational character. For the culture of Italy rooted in the antiquity and in the "Dionysian" by its primordial character of Ariel’s culture the world of symbolism of Caliban's mother is both distant and alien. Like the witch Sycorax in the role of the queen of the island did not find common grounds with Ariel, neither can her son communicate with Prospero. Between Ariel's music and that of Caliban there is some fissure which makes it difficult to produce the state of mutual balance. On the one hand, harmony, however, unstable can be found in the relations between Prospero and Ariel. Their mutual harmony could be explained by the capability of their cultures to take up cooperation with division of the roles and with a peculiar specialisation. Prospero's "Appolinian", which is manifested in the indirect visual accounts found its complement Ariel's Dionysian culture, which was expressed directly in the recreation, in the musical symbol of the will. Thus, they were not in opposition to each other as elements of contradiction, but rather as two antithetic ways of its removal. While retaining their style, the music of Prospero and that of Ariel found unity in a common source: "the music of spheres*. Was Caliban's inability to enter a dialogue with representatives of other cultures caused by the character of his defiant anti-music? Or just the opposite, the reason is hidden in the dark past, in some hurt the memory of which makes the intercivilisational exchange and cooperation difficult?Jan Kott wrote that in Tempest there is Ariel's music and Caliban's music and that there have not been a performance of The Tempest in which there would be no distinction between the two musics. Differentiation of various musics is not only a theatrical trick which serves greater dynamics the reception of the play, but it touches deeper and structural meanings. Opposition between Caliban's music and Ariel's music de facto reveals a clash of a civilisational character. For the culture of Italy rooted in the antiquity and in the "Dionysian" by its primordial character of Ariel’s culture the world of symbolism of Caliban's mother is both distant and alien. Like the witch Sycorax in the role of the queen of the island did not find common grounds with Ariel, neither can her son communicate with Prospero. Between Ariel's music and that of Caliban there is some fissure which makes it difficult to produce the state of mutual balance. On the one hand, harmony, however, unstable can be found in the relations between Prospero and Ariel. Their mutual harmony could be explained by the capability of their cultures to take up cooperation with division of the roles and with a peculiar specialisation. Prospero's "Appolinian", which is manifested in the indirect visual accounts found its complement Ariel's Dionysian culture, which was expressed directly in the recreation, in the musical symbol of the will. Thus, they were not in opposition to each other as elements of contradiction, but rather as two antithetic ways of its removal. While retaining their style, the music of Prospero and that of Ariel found unity in a common source: "the music of spheres*. Was Caliban's inability to enter a dialogue with representatives of other cultures caused by the character of his defiant anti-music? Or just the opposite, the reason is hidden in the dark past, in some hurt the memory of which makes the intercivilisational exchange and cooperation difficult

Rękopis „Kartoteki”

At the beginning of the 70s Tadeusz Różewicz presented the manuscript of Card Index to Professor Józef Kelera. It might have stayed a secret of friendship of the dramatist and the critic, however, Różewicz revealed the initials of his friend when in a commenatry to the play, he posed a question, whether there was a full stop after the last word in the manuscript or not? Posing this question, the author claimed the integrality of his masterpiece which was threatened by the widespread interpretations of Card Index as a play of a loose and dispersed structure. Appreciating the value of this question, I turned to Professor Kelera. This way I have had an access to the autograph of the play. In this manuscript has been preserved the play from before its final editing, which its author must surely have made during typing the text. Handwritten notes contain two unknown versions of the play with fragments which would not have been passed by the censors in the then Polish People’s Republic. In the reading of the manuscript the functions of the word and its graphic shape appeared of equal importance, so this version of Card Index can be recognised as a masterpiece of literature.At the beginning of the 70s Tadeusz Różewicz presented the manuscript of Card Index to Professor Józef Kelera. It might have stayed a secret of friendship of the dramatist and the critic, however, Różewicz revealed the initials of his friend when in a commenatry to the play, he posed a question, whether there was a full stop after the last word in the manuscript or not? Posing this question, the author claimed the integrality of his masterpiece which was threatened by the widespread interpretations of Card Index as a play of a loose and dispersed structure. Appreciating the value of this question, I turned to Professor Kelera. This way I have had an access to the autograph of the play. In this manuscript has been preserved the play from before its final editing, which its author must surely have made during typing the text. Handwritten notes contain two unknown versions of the play with fragments which would not have been passed by the censors in the then Polish People’s Republic. In the reading of the manuscript the functions of the word and its graphic shape appeared of equal importance, so this version of Card Index can be recognised as a masterpiece of literature

Rękopis „Kartoteki”

At the beginning of the 70s Tadeusz Różewicz presented the manuscript of Card Index to Professor Józef Kelera. It might have stayed a secret of friendship of the dramatist and the critic, however, Różewicz revealed the initials of his friend when in a commenatry to the play, he posed a question, whether there was a full stop after the last word in the manuscript or not? Posing this question, the author claimed the integrality of his masterpiece which was threatened by the widespread interpretations of Card Index as a play of a loose and dispersed structure. Appreciating the value of this question, I turned to Professor Kelera. This way I have had an access to the autograph of the play. In this manuscript has been preserved the play from before its final editing, which its author must surely have made during typing the text. Handwritten notes contain two unknown versions of the play with fragments which would not have been passed by the censors in the then Polish People’s Republic. In the reading of the manuscript the functions of the word and its graphic shape appeared of equal importance, so this version of Card Index can be recognised as a masterpiece of literature.At the beginning of the 70s Tadeusz Różewicz presented the manuscript of Card Index to Professor Józef Kelera. It might have stayed a secret of friendship of the dramatist and the critic, however, Różewicz revealed the initials of his friend when in a commenatry to the play, he posed a question, whether there was a full stop after the last word in the manuscript or not? Posing this question, the author claimed the integrality of his masterpiece which was threatened by the widespread interpretations of Card Index as a play of a loose and dispersed structure. Appreciating the value of this question, I turned to Professor Kelera. This way I have had an access to the autograph of the play. In this manuscript has been preserved the play from before its final editing, which its author must surely have made during typing the text. Handwritten notes contain two unknown versions of the play with fragments which would not have been passed by the censors in the then Polish People’s Republic. In the reading of the manuscript the functions of the word and its graphic shape appeared of equal importance, so this version of Card Index can be recognised as a masterpiece of literature

Ocena stężeń FGF-21 — nowej adipocytokiny w cukrzycy typu 2

Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor 21 FGF-21 is a newly discovered adipocytokine which may play a vital role in improvement of insulin sensitivity and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study was to assess FGF-21 concentrations in the serum of patients with type 2 diabetes, in comparison to a control group, and evaluate the possible relationships between the studied cytokine and selected clinical and biochemical parameters Material and methods: The study was conducted in 64 patients with type 2 diabetes, 28 women and 36 men aged 47-70 (median age 61.5), with a median duration of diabetes of 8.5 years. In fasting serum samples, concentrations of glucose, insulin, lipids profile parameters, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, HbA1c, adiponectin, and FGF-21 were determined. The control group comprised 20 healthy persons matched for age to the study group, with no disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism: 14 women and 8 men. Results: We found significant differences concerning the medians of body mass index (BMI) 32.4 kg/m2 v. 24.1 kg/m2, p < 0.001; waist circumference 114 cm v. 81 cm, p < 0.001; HDL cholesterol 42.5 mg/dl v. 62.5 mg/dl, p < 0.001; triglyceride (TG) 152 mg/dl v. 99 mg/dl, p < 0.01 in the studied group, in comparison with the control group, respectively. In patients with diabetes, median FGF-21 concentration was 239.9 pg/ml and was significantly greater in comparison to the control group: 112.6 pg/ml p < 0.01. Median adiponectin concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes was significantly lower in comparison to the control group, 7.5 ng/ml v. 9.95 ng/ml, p < 0.05. Significant correlations between FGF-21 concentrations and adiponectin (r = -0.24, p < 0.05), weight (r = 0.27, p < 0.05), glucose (r = 0.27, p < 0.05), HDL cholesterol (r = -0.26, p < 0.05), TG (r = 0.27, p < 005), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r = -0.28, p < 0.05) were observed. No significant correlations between FGF-21 and parameters of metabolic control, markers of inflammatory status, and insulin resistance, or the presence of vascular complications of diabetes, were noticed. Conclusions: On the basis of the conducted studies it can be concluded that the greater FGF-21 concentration observed in the examined group of patients with type 2 diabetes may result from a compensatory reaction to metabolic disturbances or tissue resistance to this cytokine. The negative correlation between FGF-21 and eGFR suggests renal elimination of the examined compound. (Pol J Endocrinol 2010; 61 (1): 50-54)Wstęp: Czynnik wzrostu fibrolastów 21 (FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor 21) jest stosunkowo niedawno odkrytą adipokiną, mogącą odgrywać istotną rolę w poprawie insulinowrażliwości i patogenezie cukrzycy tytu 2. Celem pracy była ocena stężenia FGF-21 w surowicy krwi pacjentów cukrzycą typu 2 w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną, oraz znalezienie zależności pomiędzy tą cytokiną a innymi parametrami klinicznymi i biochemicznymi. Materiał i metody: Badania wykonano u 64 pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 2, w tym 28 kobiet i 36 mężczyzn w wieku 47-70 lat (średnia wieku 61,5), z medianą czasu trwania choroby 8,5 roku. W próbkach krwi pobranej na czczo wykonywano oznaczenia stężeń glukozy, insuliny, białka C-reaktywnego (CRP, C-reactive protein), fibrynogenu, lipidogramu, kreatyniny, HbA1c, adiponektyny i FGF-21. Grupę kontrolną stanowiło 20 osób (14 kobiet i 8 mężczyzn) z medianą wieku 58 lat, bez zaburzeń gospodarki węglowodanowej. Wyniki: W grupie badanej stwierdzono, w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną, istotne różnice w zakresie median wskaźnika masy ciała (BMI, body mass index) 32,4 kg/m2 v. 24,1 kg/m2, p < 0,001; obwodu talii 114 cm v. 81 cm, p < 0,001; cholesterolu frakcji HDL 42,5 mg/dl v. 62,5 mg/dl, p < 0,001; triglicerydów (TG, triglyceride) 152 mg/dl v. 99 mg/dl, p < 0,01. U pacjentów z cukrzycą mediana stężenia FGF-21 wynosiła 239,8 pg/ml i była istotnie wyższa w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną: 112,6 pg/ml, p < 0,001. Mediana stężenia adiponektyny u pacjentów z cukrzycą była istotnie niższa w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną, 7,5 ng/ml v. 9,95 ng/ml, p < 0,01. Zaobserwowano istotne zależności pomiędzy stężeniami FGF-21 a adiponektyną (r = -0,24, p < 0,05), masą ciała (r = 0,27, p < 0,05), glukozą (r = 0,27, p < 0,05), cholesterolem frakcji HDL (r = -0,26, p < 0,05), TG (r = 0,27, p < 005) oraz wielkością przesączania kłębuszkowego (eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate) (r = -0,28, p < 0,05). Nie znaleziono istotnych zależności pomiędzy stężeniem FGF-21 a parametrami wyrównania metabolicznego, wykładnikami stanu zapalnego i insulinooporności, jak również obecnością powikłań naczyniowych choroby. Wnioski: Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można przypuszczać, że obserwowane wyższe stężenia FGF-21 w badanej grupie pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 2, mogą wynikać z kompensacyjnej reakcji na zaburzenia metaboliczne bądź też są wynikiem tkankowej oporności na tę cytokinę. Ujemna korelacja stężeń FGF-21 z eGFR sugeruje eliminację drogą nerkową badanego związku. (Endokrynol Pol 2010; 61 (1): 50-54