Bulimia Nervosa: Is Body Dissatisfaction a Risk Factor?

Eating disorder studies are often carried out with adolescents. However, having a normal weight and the appearance of a seemingly healthy body makes many young people wait for years before seeking out professional consultation with a specialist. Therefore, after a review of the literature we will reflect on the role of body dissatisfaction in the development and persistence that occur in bulimia nervosa. It will be linked to the data found by our research group, both in samples of adolescents and adult women. Results on risk scores in purgative behaviors associated with bulimia nervosa, dieting, eating habits, physical activity, self-esteem, social skills, and body dissatisfaction will be described. They will be contrasted in a descriptive way with data from clinical study participants diagnosed with bulimia nervosa, leading to a predictive model of the role body dissatisfaction plays as a risk factor in the development of bulimia nervosa

Analysis of relations between attitude towards mathematics, prior knowledge, self-efficacy, expected and actual grades in mathematics

The purpose of this study is to analyse relations between students’ attitude towards mathematics, prior knowledge, self-efficacy, expected grades, and performance in mathematics among 115 firstyear engineering students. We combine two statistical techniques to analyse the data we generated by questionnaires and two tests. First, item-level modeling, in terms of confirmatory factor analysis, which we use to compute the factor scores of construct-validated measures, and to control for measurement errors. Second, composite modeling, in terms of path analysis, which we use to test the research hypotheses. The findings show that both self-efficacy and expected grades have substantial effects on students’ performance. Prior knowledge has a non-trivial effect on self-efficacy which, in turn, plays a significant role in students’ grade expectations. All other hypothesised relations are not significant. We argue that these findings confirm some basic tenets of social cognitive theory. Keywords: Affect, higher education, item-level modeling, path analysis, self-efficacy.publishedVersio

Invarianza factorial de una escala de autoeficacia en deportistas y no deportistas

El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue examinar la invarianza factorial de la escala de autoeficacia en el cuidado de la alimentación y salud física (ECASF) en universitarios mexicanos deportistas y no deportistas. La muestra total fue de 1.305 universitarios mexicanos (707 mujeres, 598 hombres), con una edad media de 20.46 años (DT = 1.87). Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron que una estructura de cinco factores es viable y adecuada para ambas poblaciones. Atendiendo a criterios estadísticos y sustantivos la estructura de cinco factores (ejercicio físico, cuidado de la alimentación, afrontamiento de problemas, evitación del consumo de tabaco y evitación del consumo de alcohol), ha mostrado adecuados indicadores de ajuste de fiabilidad y validez. Además, la estructura factorial, las cargas factoriales y los interceptos se consideran invariantes en las dos poblaciones estudiadas; sin embargo, existen diferencias entre las poblaciones para las medias de los factores ejercicio físico, cuidado de la alimentación, afrontamiento de problemas y evitación del consumo de tabaco. Por último, el presente estudio también confirma la validez del modelo pentadimensional propuesto en estudios anteriores. Futuras investigaciones deberían replicar estos hallazgos en poblaciones con diferentes factores culturales y personales.The aim of this study was to examine factorial invariance of the Self-efficacy in Diet and Physical Wellness Scale (ECASF) in Mexican university sportsmen and non-sportsmen. The final sample comprised 1.305 Mexican university students (707 women, 598 men), whose average age was 20.46 years (SD=1.87). Confirmatory factorial analyses showed that a five-factor scale is feasible and adequate for both populations. In accordance with statistical and substantial criteria, the five factor structure (physical exercise, nutritional care, problems confrontation, avoiding tobacco, and avoiding alcohol) displayed good indexes of fit both in terms of reliability and validity. Moreover, factorial structure and loads, as well as intercepts, were found to be invariant in both populations; however, differences were found with regard to average values of physical exercise, nutritional care, problems confrontation, and avoiding tobacco. Finally, the present study confirms the validity of a Penta dimensional model proposed in previous studies. Future research should replicate these procedures in populations with different cultural and personal characteristics.O principal objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a invariância fatorial da escala de auto-eficácia no atendimento de alimentação e saúde física (ECASF) em atletas universitários mexicanos e não-atletas. A amostra total foi de 1.305 estudantes mexicanos universitários (707 mulheres, 598 homens), com idade média de 20,46 anos (DP = 1,87). A análise factorial confirmatória mostrou que uma estrutura de cinco fator é viável e adequado para ambas as populações. Em resposta a critérios estatísticos e estrutura substantiva de cinco factores (exercício físico, cuidados de nutrição, lidar problemas, evitando o consumo de tabaco e álcool), mostrou indicadores de ajuste adequados de fiabilidade e validade. Além disso, a estrutura fatorial, cargas fatoriais e Intercepções são considerados invariante nas duas populações estudadas; no entanto, existem diferenças entre as populações para as médias de factores de exercícios físicos, cuidado da alimentação, lidar com problemas e evitando o consumo de tabaco. Finalmente, este estudo também confirma a validade do modelo de cinco dimensões propostas em estudos anteriores. Pesquisas futuras devem replicar estes hallazgos em populações com diferentes fatores culturais e pessoais

Predictor Variables Of Academic Success In Mathematics Under A Binary Logistic Regression Model

In recent years, many investigations have been carried out to identify the different factors that influence academic achievement in mathematics. Although the list is extensive and diverse, this paper focuses on determining whether the affective domain, mathematical processes and pedagogical practices influence academic achievement in mathematics. The research considers a quantitative approach at a cross-sectional descriptive level. The sample consisted of 2,450 students from a Colombian department from fourth to eleventh grade (ages 8 to 20 years). The instrument was composed of 90 items that evaluated the affective domain, mathematical processes, pedagogical practices and academic performance, with responses on a five-level Likert scale. The independent variables considered were affective domain, mathematical processes and pedagogical practices, and the dependent variable was academic performance. The adjustment obtained resulted in a binary logistic model, where the categories considered were pass or fail, which allowed 95% of those who passed to be correctly classified, although, at a global level, its effectiveness was close to l 87%. It should be noted that none of the aspects associated with teachers’ pedagogical competencies in their classroom work was significant in constructing the model.&nbsp

Composición factorial del cuestionario IMAGEN en universitarios mexicanos

El presente estudio pretende obtener datos psicométricos sobre el cuestionario para la evaluación de la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal (Solano-Pinto y Cano-Vindel, 2010). La muestra fue de 411 universitarios mexicanos, con una edad media de 20.65 años (DE=1.92). La estructura factorial del cuestionario se analizó a través de análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios. Los análisis muestran que una estructura de cinco factores es viable y adecuada. La estructura de cinco factores (perceptivo, malestar emocional, comportamental, planteamiento de cambio y ansiedad), atendiendo a criterios estadísticos y sustantivos, ha mostrado adecuados indicadores de ajuste de fiabilidad y validez. Sin embargo el modelo obtenido no coincide totalmente con el planteado por los autores de la prueba, aunque continúa avalando el componente multifactorial de la insatisfacción corporal. Futuras investigaciones deberían replicar estos hallazgos en muestras más amplias.The aim of this study is to obtain psychometric data for the evaluation of dissatisfaction with body image Questionnaire (Solano-Pinto y Cano-Vindel, 2010). A total of 411 Mexican university students participated (average of age = 20.65 ± 1.92 years) in this study. The factor structure of the questionnaire was analyzed trough exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results showed a feasible and adequate structure of five factors (perceptual, emotional distress, behavioral, approach change and anxiety), with adequate fit indices of reliability and validity, according to statistical and substantive criteria. However, the obtained model does not fully coincide with that propose by the authors of the test, but continues giving support to the multifactorial component of body dissatisfaction. Future research should replicate these findings in wider samples.O presente estudo pretende obter dados psicométricos sobre o questionário pala avaliação da insatisfação com a imagem corporal (SolanoPinto y Cano-Vindel, 2010). A amostra foi de 411 universitários mexicanos, com idade media de 20.65 anos (DE=1.92). A estrutura fatorial do questionário analisou-se através de análises fatoriais exploratórios e confirmatórios. As análises mostram que uma estrutura de cinco fatores é viável e adequada. A estrutura de cinco fatores (percetivo, mal-estar emocional, comportamental, enfoque de cambio e ansiedade), de acordo com critérios estadísticos e substantivos, mostrou indicadores adequados de ajuste de fiabilidade e validez. Não obstante, o modelo obtido não coincide totalmente com o proposto pelos autores do teste, ainda que continuasse avalizando o componente multifatorial da insatisfação corporal. Investigações futuras deveriam replicar estos achados em amostras mais amplias

Can Parental Body Dissatisfaction Predict That of Children? A Study on Body Dissatisfaction, Body Mass Index, and Desire to Diet in Children Aged 9–11 and Their Families

Financial support was provided by the University of Castilla La Mancha, through the research group: Health, Education, and Society (Critical Eye) co-funded by the European Fund for Regional Development (grant number 2020-GRIN- 29110).The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because individualized data from the project cannot be publically shared on a data repository due to the conditions of nondisclosure described in the consent form signed by the participants and their families. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to NS-P, [email protected] studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the clinical drug research ethics committee “Complejo hospitalario de Toledo” (ref. 636). Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.Body image has been associated with self-care and the assumption of either healthy habits or poor diets and eating disorders. As a vital element in the formation of a positive body image, the role of the family in childhood has been highlighted by a few studies. This study aimed to assess whether children's body dissatisfaction could be predicted by their parents' body dissatisfaction, body mass index (BMI), and approach to change. The sample consisted of 581 participants (366 parents and 215 children). The following instruments were used: anthropometric data, the Brief Scale of Body Dissatisfaction for Children, the IMAGE questionnaire (approach to change and drive for muscularity subscales), and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness subscales). The results indicated that 19% of children, 22.8% of mothers, and 70.2% of fathers were overweight or obese. The multiple regression models developed for boys and girls explained 60 and 57% of the variance in body dissatisfaction, respectively. Several variables attributable to the mother (higher approach to change, higher drive for thinness, and higher BMI) and to the boys themselves (drive for muscularity, approach to change, and having a high BMI percentile) predicted a higher level of body dissatisfaction. For girls, only variables regarding themselves (approach to change, age, and BMI percentile) explained their body dissatisfaction. Relationships with the traits of the father were not detected for both models. The influence of sociocultural factors on the construction of gender and the negative consequences of mothers' dieting for aesthetic purposes, on the development of children's body image, are discussed.University of Castilla La Mancha, through the research group: Health, Education, and Society (Critical Eye)European Commission 2020-GRIN-2911

Hábitos saludables en mujeres adultas y madres

Introduction. According to World Health Organization, raised body mass index (BMI) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and some cancers. Some protective factors have been associated with healthy weight, such as consumption of fruit, vegetables, and a reduced consumption of processed food or junk food. Moreover, some of these factors (such as consumption of vegetables) might have a positive relationship between parentsand children. Thus, it is necessaryto evaluate healthy habits on mothers ofschool-aged children. Objective. To define healthy habits on mothers, and its potential relationship with weight. Methods. An exploratory analysis about healthy habits and its relationship with BMI was carried out in a cross-sectional study. Our sample consisted on 100 mothers with an average age of 43.07 (5.09). We used a brief version of the Self-efficacy in health care scale. Results. Pearson’s correlations showed no relationships between unhealthy habits of health care and normal or overweight. However, our results showed a significant relationship between healthy habits on health care and normal weight (r = .290, p smaller than .01) and overweight (r = - .249, p smaller than .05). Conclusions. Our results suggest that healthy habits might be considered as a protective factor against overweight in mothers of school-aged children.Introducción. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, un índice de masa corporal (IMC) elevado es un importante factor de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes y algunos tipos de cáncer. Algunos de los factores protectores que se han asociado con un peso adecuado son el consumo de verduras, frutas y el bajo consumo de comida rápida. Además, algunos de estos factores (como el consumo de verdura) parece que presentan una relación positiva entre padres e hijos. Por ello, se hace necesario evaluar los hábitos saludables en madres de niños de edad escolar. Objetivos. Caracterizar los hábitos saludables en cuidado de salud en madres y su posible relación con el peso. Metodología. Estudio transversal en el que se realizó un análisis exploratorio sobre hábitos de vida saludables y su relación con el IMC a partir de un muestreo no probabilístico sobre una muestra de 100 madres con una media de edad de 43.07 (5.09). Se utilizó el cuestionario Autoeficacia en el cuidado de la salud, versión abreviada. Resultados. Las correlaciones de Pearson muestran que no existe una correlación significativa entre los hábitos no saludables de cuidado de salud y presentar normopeso o sobrepeso. Sin embargo, sí existe una correlación significativa entre los hábitos saludables de cuidado de salud y presentar normopeso (r = .290, p menor que .01) o sobrepeso (r = - .249, p menor que .05) en las madres evaluadas. Conclusiones. Nuestros datos sugieren que los hábitos de vida saludable pueden considerarse como un factor protector contra la obesidad en madres

Do Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Experimentation Outreach Programs Affect Attitudes towards Mathematics and Science? A Quasi-Experiment in Primary Education

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) outreach programs have been widely studied in recent years considering their possible influence on future STEM career election aiming to counteract the observed decline in enrollment at university. Nonetheless, the presumed effect is not clear due to a lack of comparison with control groups. In order to fill this gap, a quasi-experimental design was adopted to analyze the effect of a STEM experimentation outreach program on 5th and 6th graders. The sample was composed by 453 students, (274 experimental group and 179 control group). The Auzmendi Scale of Attitude towards Mathematics Modified (ASMAm), and the attitude towards school science (ASSci), were used as instruments, and were administered before and after the intervention. The analysis was run with sex, type of school (state and state-funded schools), school environment (rural/urban), and teacher as potential factors. The results show that there is a program effect on the attitude towards mathematics, but not on the attitude towards school science. Regarding the factors, the program effect is associated neither with sex nor with rural/urban schools. However, the program had a more positive effect on the ASSci than on the ASMAm in the state schools, and is mediated by the teacher

Mujeres científicas en la economía circular: impulsando iniciativas educativas

The circular economy consists of making the most of a raw material that enters the production cycle. It takes the form of the revalorization of industrial and domestic waste. Women are higly present in the development of technologiesthat reinforcethischange of model. Therefore, this project works with the hypothesisthat thecombination of women and the circular economy in the creation of audiovisual teaching materials for teachers will contribute positively to the awareness of a large group of citizens on both subjects. Thus, it proposes, on the one hand, to identify between 8 and 12 Spanish researchers and/or technicians who are working in the field of sustainability and/or the circular economy; videos will be produced that include interviews in which their life stories are collected, and brief descriptions or outlines of their research, emphasizing the chemical elements involved. These interviews will be hosted in a youtube channel that will be embedded in a web page created for the project. Based on these interviews, teaching material will be created for primary and secondary education teachers, which will be provided through the Regional Teacher Training Centre of Castilla La Mancha. The didactic guide will include a final activity that will involve the production of a video with which students and teachers will participate in a competition. The jury will be composed of some researchers, members of the project team. The level of awareness of the participating teachers and students will be measured before and after participating in the project (course-competition).The first phase has been completed so far and can be viewed at https://bit.ly/CientíficasEC. The second one is running at https://bit.ly/CursoCientíficasEC,and held even under the current circumstances. We hope to be able to conclude the project in order to measure the extent of the action developed.La economía circular consiste en aprovechar al máximo una materia prima que entra al ciclo de producción. Se concretaen la revalorización de los residuos industriales y domésticos. La mujerestá muy presente en el desarrollo de las tecnologías que fomentan ese cambio de modelo. Por ello, este proyecto trabaja con la hipótesis de que la combinación de mujer y economía circular en la creación de material didáctico audiovisual para el profesorado contribuirá positivamente a la concienciación de un amplio colectivo de ciudadanos sobre ambos temas.Así, propone, por un lado, identificar entre 8 y 12 investigadoras y/o tecnólogas españolas que estén trabajando en el ámbito de la sostenibilidad y/o la economía circular; se elaborarán videos que incluyan entrevistas en las que se recogerán sus historias de vida, y breves descripciones o esquemas de sus investigaciones, enfatizando los elementos químicos implicados. Estas se alojarán en un canal de youtube que se embeberá en una página web creada para el proyecto. Sobre estas entrevistas, se creará un material didáctico para el profesorado de educación primaria y secundaria, que se impartirá mediante el Centro Regional de Formación del Profesorado de Castilla La Mancha. La guía didáctica incluirá una actividad final que supondrá la elaboración de un video con el que alumnado y profesorado participarán en un concurso. El jurado estará compuesto por algunos investigadores e investigadoras miembros del equipo. Se medirá en el profesorado y alumnado participante su nivel de concienciación antes y tras participar en el proyecto (curso-concurso). Hasta este momento está concluida la primera fase, que puede verse en https://bit.ly/CientíficasEC . La segunda está en marcha https://bit.ly/CursoCientíficasEC, y retenida por las circunstancias actuales. Esperamos poder concluir el proyecto para poder medir el alcance de la acción desarrollada

La presencia de la mujer en las publicaciones académico-científicas en el período 2010-2020

Background: The low number of women in the scientific and technological professions, as well as in academia, is a problem for our society. Collecting it in the scientific literature requires a thorough analysis. Objective: In this work, a bibliographic review of publications in specialized journals is carried out, which analyzes the presence of women in the academic-scientific field, to determine if it has evolved over time; it also seeks to find the factors that determine this presence. Methods: A review of the literature published in the databases WOS, Dialnet and Ebsco has been carried out, focusing on content, collecting 51 articles. Results: The following factors have been identified as determining factors: opportunities for access to science and technology; choice of studies among women; the role of gender stereotypes in pre-university students; and the promotion of women in academic and scientific institutions. It has been confirmed the low representation of women in areas such as computer science, architecture or physics, given that opportunities for entry and promotion are low. Access opportunities are determined by family, social, economic and ethnic background, as well as school and quality of education, with gender stereotypes playing a prominent role. The promotion of women in academic and scientific institutions remains low and is a result of the horizontal and vertical segregation they suffer. Conclusion: The literature shows that there has been some positive evolution in the last decades, but real equality has not been achieved. For this reason, some future actions are presented to counteract the situation.Antecedentes: La escasa presencia de la mujer en las profesiones científicas y tecnológicas, así como en el ámbito académico, constituye un problema para nuestra sociedad. La recogida de dicha presencia en la literatura científica requiere un análisis profundo.   Objetivo: En este trabajo se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de los artículos publicados en revistas especializadas que analiza la presencia de la mujer en el ámbito científico académico, para determinar si esta ha evolucionado con el tiempo; también busca encontrar los factores que determinan dicha presencia.  Métodos: Se ha hecho una revisión de la literatura publicada en las bases de datos WOS, Dialnet y Ebsco, centrada en el contenido, seleccionándose un total de 53 artículos.  Resultados: Se han identificado como factores que determinan su presencia los siguientes: las oportunidades de acceso al ámbito científico-tecnológico; los estudios universitarios elegidos por las mujeres; el papel de los estereotipos de género en el alumnado preuniversitario; y la promoción de las mujeres en las instituciones académico-científicas, con los que se ha confirmado que las mujeres están escasamente representadas en áreas como la informática, arquitectura o física, dado que las oportunidades de ingreso y promoción son bajas. Las oportunidades de acceso son determinadas por el contexto familiar, social, económico y étnico, así como la escuela y la calidad de la enseñanza, desempeñando un papel destacado los estereotipos de género. Respecto a la promoción de las mujeres en las instituciones académico-científicas, sigue siendo escasa, fruto de la segregación tanto horizontal como vertical que sufren.  Conclusión: En las publicaciones se observa que ha habido una cierta evolución positiva en los últimos años, pero no se ha alcanzado la igualdad real. Por ello, se presentan algunas acciones a futuro para contrarrestar esta situación