Efectos de las formaciones geológicas y la topografía sobre la evolución y diversidad de los suelos

Se pueden formar diferentes suelos con varias propiedades y en ocasiones con diferentes tipos de limitaciones lo que es necesario para investigar las condiciones de formación y evolución del suelo para su óptimo aprovechamiento. En este estudio, estudiamos la relación entre el suelo, la topografía en términos de pendiente y elevación y el material parental con la morfología de la tierra y las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, cómo se formó y evolucionó el suelo. A partir de 19 perfiles de suelo de control, se obtuvieron 57 muestras de suelo de tres capas y se midieron algunas características del suelo que incluyen acidez, salinidad, yeso, cal, textura y materia orgánica. Usando el software NEWHALL, se determinó el régimen de temperatura y humedad del suelo. Para estudiar las condiciones de topografía se elaboró ​​el mapa digital de elevación y pendiente, se determinaron las características de las formaciones geológicas y con base en el índice de Gower y el índice de Jacquard se estudió la relación entre los factores de evolución del suelo con la topografía y los materiales parentales. La clasificación de la diversidad de suelos se estudió utilizando la riqueza, uniformidad de los índices de Shannon y Simpson. Con base en los resultados obtenidos de los índices de similitud de Gower y Jacquard, se demostró el efecto de la topografía y los materiales parentales sobre la diversidad del suelo. Los índices de diversidad de suelos mostraron una tendencia creciente desde el nivel del orden del suelo hasta la familia del suelo. El aumento en el índice de riqueza fue mayor a nivel de familia de suelos, por lo que la mayor diversidad de suelos se observó a nivel de familia de suelos. Además, la diversidad del suelo se ve afectada principalmente por factores intrínsecos y, en cierta medida, por factores ambientales. El desarrollo del perfil del suelo está influenciado principalmente por la pendiente, los materiales parentales y en algunas áreas por el nivel del agua subterránea

Efectos de las formaciones geológicas y la topografía sobre la evolución y diversidad de los suelos

Different soils with various properties and sometimes with different types of limitations can be formed which is necessary to investigate the conditions of soil formation and evolution for their optimal use. In this study, we studied the relationship between soil, topography in terms of slope and elevation, and parent material with the land morphology and physical and chemical properties of soil, how the soil formed and evolved. From 19 control soil profiles, 57 soil samples were obtained from three layers and some soil characteristics including Acidity, Salinity, Gypsum, Lime, Texture and Organic matter were measured. Using NEWHALL software, the soil temperature and moisture regime was determined. To study the conditions of topography, the digital elevation map and slope was prepared, the characteristics of geological formations were determined and based on the Gower index and Jacquard index, the relationship between soil evolution factors with topography and parent materials were studied. The diversity of soils classification was studied using richness, uniformity of Shannon and Simpson indices. Based on the results obtained from Gower and jacquard similarity indices, the effect of topography and parent materials on soil diversity was proved. Soil diversity indices showed an increasing trend from the soil order level to the soil family. The increase in the Richness index was higher at the soil family level, so that the highest soil diversity observed at the soil family level. Also, soil diversity is mainly affected by intrinsic factors and to some extent by environmental factors. Soil profile development is mostly influenced by slope, parent materials and in some areas by groundwater level.Se pueden formar diferentes suelos con varias propiedades y en ocasiones con diferentes tipos de limitaciones lo que es necesario para investigar las condiciones de formación y evolución del suelo para su óptimo aprovechamiento. En este estudio, estudiamos la relación entre el suelo, la topografía en términos de pendiente y elevación y el material parental con la morfología de la tierra y las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, cómo se formó y evolucionó el suelo. A partir de 19 perfiles de suelo de control, se obtuvieron 57 muestras de suelo de tres capas y se midieron algunas características del suelo que incluyen acidez, salinidad, yeso, cal, textura y materia orgánica. Usando el software NEWHALL, se determinó el régimen de temperatura y humedad del suelo. Para estudiar las condiciones de topografía se elaboró ​​el mapa digital de elevación y pendiente, se determinaron las características de las formaciones geológicas y con base en el índice de Gower y el índice de Jacquard se estudió la relación entre los factores de evolución del suelo con la topografía y los materiales parentales. La clasificación de la diversidad de suelos se estudió utilizando la riqueza, uniformidad de los índices de Shannon y Simpson. Con base en los resultados obtenidos de los índices de similitud de Gower y Jacquard, se demostró el efecto de la topografía y los materiales parentales sobre la diversidad del suelo. Los índices de diversidad de suelos mostraron una tendencia creciente desde el nivel del orden del suelo hasta la familia del suelo. El aumento en el índice de riqueza fue mayor a nivel de familia de suelos, por lo que la mayor diversidad de suelos se observó a nivel de familia de suelos. Además, la diversidad del suelo se ve afectada principalmente por factores intrínsecos y, en cierta medida, por factores ambientales. El desarrollo del perfil del suelo está influenciado principalmente por la pendiente, los materiales parentales y en algunas áreas por el nivel del agua subterránea

Subchronic effects of different doses of Zinc oxide nanoparticle on reproductive organs of female rats: An experimental study

Background: Zinc performs many biochemical and physiological functions; however, toxicological studies demonstrate that Nano-zinc oxide has harmful effects on human health and environmental species in high concentrations. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on reproductive tissues of female rat. Materials and Methods: Eighty female Wistar adult rats weighing 180–200 gr, divided into eight groups (n= 10 in each group) including control, sham (treated with saline), and six groups injected with different doses of zinc oxide nanoparticle with 10–30 nanometer size (4, 8, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) twice a week for four weeks. At the end of the study, the rats were bled and slaughtered; the Ovary and Uterus were taken for histopathology studies and blood samples were transferred to the laboratory for biochemical analysis. Results: Microscopic diagnoses in ovary tissue were included; increase in the corpus luteum, follicular cysts, inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrosis. Histopathological changes in ovary in a dose-dependent manner. In uterus tissue the lesions consisted; epithelial destruction, hyperplasia of endometrial glands. The Estrogen and Progesterone level in the serum of rats increased in low doses and reduced in a dose-dependent manner at high doses. Conclusion: The results of the current study proved the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the ovary and uterus organs at high concentrations, so further investigation is needed to reduce these effects. Key words: Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, Ovary, Uterus, Toxicity

A meta-analysis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to evaluate the psychological consequences of COVID-19

Abstract Background Several meta-analysis studies have been reported in the literature on the incidence of psychopathological conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. This investigation aims to compile and analyze the findings of previously published meta-analysis research, as shown by the present meta-analysis of previous meta-analysis studies. Methods The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched from 1 January 2019 to 30 May 2022. The procedure was carried out according to the PRISMA flow chart and the qualities of the identified studies were analyzed using AMSTAR 2. Heterogeneities and risk of bias were assessed using the Meta-MUMS tool. The corresponding results, forest and funnel plots of the psychological consequences of COVID-19 were synthesized. Results Eleven meta-analysis studies were included. Random-effects meta-analysis of anxiety and depression showed (ER = 0.318 p-value < 0.001, ER = 0.295 p-value < 0.001) high heterogeneities (I2 = 99.70%, I2 = 99.75) between studies. Random-effects meta-analyses of sleep difficulties and insomnia were shown (ER = 0.347 p-value < 0.001, ER = 0.265, p-value < 0.001) along with heterogeneities (I2 = 99.89, I2 = 99.64). According to the random meta-analysis of post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (ER = 0.246, p-value = 0.001, ER = 0.223 p-value < 0.001) with heterogeneities (I2 = 99.75, I2 = 99.17). Random-effects meta-analyses of somatic and fear symptoms have been shown (ER = 0.16 p-value < 0.001, ER = 0.41, p-value = 0.089) with high heterogeneities (I2 = 99.62, I2 = 98.63). Random-effects meta-analysis of obsessive–compulsive symptoms and distress (ER = 0.297 p-value = 0.103; ER = 0.428, p-value = 0.013) with high heterogeneity, as I2 = 99.38%. Subgroup analysis of all symptoms and Egger's tests for detecting publication bias were also assessed. Conclusion The data from the current meta-analysis showed different psychological disorders of COVID-19 during the pandemic. Clinicians should be aware of the prevalence with which COVID-19-infected patients experience emotional distress, anxiety, fatigue, and PTSD. About half of the included systematic reviews (SRs)/meta-analyses (MAs) suffered from poorer methodological quality and increased risk of bias, reducing confidence in the findings. There must be more SRs/MAs and high-quality clinical trials conducted to confirm these findings

Erodibility and loss of marly drived soils

Considering to high distribution of the marly lands in west Azerbaijan province and high sediment yield of such lands, in this research, the relation among the form and the rate of erosion on marls with their erodibility properties were studied. Therefore, marly regions of province with the special properties were recognized and the soils samples were taken from 15 points of the topsoil of this area. Soil erodibility indices were determined and analyzed by statistical methods considering the form and rate of erosion. Also portable rain simulator were used to study of the runoff and sediment yield potential of such soils. Finally the factors affected the soil erodibility were determined by variance analysis. Results showed erosion rate could be classified as moderate. Gully erosion had highest number in Gare-Agaj and Gare-tappe areas whereas rill erosion had high number in all area of marly lands. Surface runoff volume ranged between 255 to 577 cm3 in Shabanlu region and surface runoff coefficient varied from 0.23 to 0.53 in Gare-tappe. Maximum turbidity yield was determined 180 gr/lit in Gare-Agaj area. It was found that the clay ratio played the important role (P≤0.05) in creating the gully erosion and the volume of runoff in the surface and rill erosion

Optimizing land use pattern to reduce soil erosion

Soil erosion hazard is one of the main problems can affect ecological balance in watersheds. This study aimed to determine the optimal use of land to reduce erosion and increase the resident's income of Qushchi watershed in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Income and expenses for the current land uses were calculated with field studies. Damages resulting from the soil erosion were estimated by soil depth equal to the specified land uses. For three different options including the current status of land uses without and with land management, and the standard status of land uses, multi-objective linear programming model was established by LINGO software. Then the optimization problem of the land use was solved by simplex method. Finally, the best option of land use was determined by comparing erosion rate and its cost in each scenario. Then the circumstances and the recommended conditions were compared. The results indicated that the current surface area of current land uses is not suitable to reduce erosion and increase income of residents and should change in the optimum conditions. At the optimum level, there should change horticulture area of 408 to 507 (ha), irrigated land area of 169 to 136 (ha) and dry farming of 636 to 570 (ha), while conversion of rangeland area not indispensable. In addition, the results showed that in case of the optimization of land use, soil erosion and the profitability of the whole area will decrease 0.75% and increase 3.68%, respectively. In case of land management practices, soil erosion will decrease 42.27% and the profitability increase 21.39% while in the standard conditions, soil erosion will decrease 60.95% and profitability will increase 24.20%. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the changes in the horticulture and range land areas have the greatest impact on the increasing profitability and reducing soil erosion of Qushchi watershed. So, it is recommended using Education and Extension to promote the importance of land management to understand how proper use of the land

Comparison of Pulmonary Hydatid Disease between Children and Adults

ABSTRACT Background: Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation which is endemic in many sheep and cattle raising areas and is stil

Comparison of empirical models to estimate soil erosion and sediment yield in micro catchments

Assessment of sediment yield in soil conservation and watershed Project and implementation plan for water and soil resources management is so important. Regarding to somewhere that doesn’t have enough information and statistical data such as upper river branches, Empirical models should be used to estimate erosion and sediment yield. However the efficiency and usage of these models before calibration isn’t clear. In this research, the measurement of erosion and sediment yield of 10 basins upstream of reservoirshas been estimated by RUSLE and MPSIAC empirical models.In order to compare means between measured and estimated datat-test method was applied.Theresults indicated no significant differences between means of measured and estimated sediment yield in MPSAIC model in 5% level. In contrast, T-test showed contrary results in RUSLE model. Then the applicability and priority of two models were examined by statistical methodssuch as MAE and MBE methods. By regarding to accuracy and precision, MPSIAC model placed in first priorityto estimate soil erosion and sediment yield and has minimum value of MAE=0.79 and MBE = -0.59

Efectos de las formaciones geológicas y la topografía sobre la evolución y diversidad de los suelos

Different soils with various properties and sometimes with different types of limitations can be formed which is necessary to investigate the conditions of soil formation and evolution for their optimal use. In this study, we studied the relationship between soil, topography in terms of slope and elevation, and parent material with the land morphology and physical and chemical properties of soil, how the soil formed and evolved. From 19 control soil profiles, 57 soil samples were obtained from three layers and some soil characteristics including Acidity, Salinity, Gypsum, Lime, Texture and Organic matter were measured. Using NEWHALL software, the soil temperature and moisture regime was determined. To study the conditions of topography, the digital elevation map and slope was prepared, the characteristics of geological formations were determined and based on the Gower index and Jacquard index, the relationship between soil evolution factors with topography and parent materials were studied. The diversity of soils classification was studied using richness, uniformity of Shannon and Simpson indices. Based on the results obtained from Gower and jacquard similarity indices, the effect of topography and parent materials on soil diversity was proved. Soil diversity indices showed an increasing trend from the soil order level to the soil family. The increase in the Richness index was higher at the soil family level, so that the highest soil diversity observed at the soil family level. Also, soil diversity is mainly affected by intrinsic factors and to some extent by environmental factors. Soil profile development is mostly influenced by slope, parent materials and in some areas by groundwater level.Se pueden formar diferentes suelos con varias propiedades y en ocasiones con diferentes tipos de limitaciones lo que es necesario para investigar las condiciones de formación y evolución del suelo para su óptimo aprovechamiento. En este estudio, estudiamos la relación entre el suelo, la topografía en términos de pendiente y elevación y el material parental con la morfología de la tierra y las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, cómo se formó y evolucionó el suelo. A partir de 19 perfiles de suelo de control, se obtuvieron 57 muestras de suelo de tres capas y se midieron algunas características del suelo que incluyen acidez, salinidad, yeso, cal, textura y materia orgánica. Usando el software NEWHALL, se determinó el régimen de temperatura y humedad del suelo. Para estudiar las condiciones de topografía se elaboró el mapa digital de elevación y pendiente, se determinaron las características de las formaciones geológicas y con base en el índice de Gower y el índice de Jacquard se estudió la relación entre los factores de evolución del suelo con la topografía y los materiales parentales. La clasificación de la diversidad de suelos se estudió utilizando la riqueza, uniformidad de los índices de Shannon y Simpson. Con base en los resultados obtenidos de los índices de similitud de Gower y Jacquard, se demostró el efecto de la topografía y los materiales parentales sobre la diversidad del suelo. Los índices de diversidad de suelos mostraron una tendencia creciente desde el nivel del orden del suelo hasta la familia del suelo. El aumento en el índice de riqueza fue mayor a nivel de familia de suelos, por lo que la mayor diversidad de suelos se observó a nivel de familia de suelos. Además, la diversidad del suelo se ve afectada principalmente por factores intrínsecos y, en cierta medida, por factores ambientales. El desarrollo del perfil del suelo está influenciado principalmente por la pendiente, los materiales parentales y en algunas áreas por el nivel del agua subterránea

The Role of Esophagogastric Anastomotic Technique in Decreasing Benign Stricture Formation in the Surgery of Esophageal Carcinoma

Introduction: Postoperative stenosis and dysphagia after esophageal carcinoma resection is the major problem. The aim of this study is to compare two types cervical esophagogastric anastomosis in reduction of stricture formation in esophageal cancer surgery. Methods: The subjects of this study were 223 patients undergoing esophageal carcinoma resection during 1998 to 2007. Twenty two patients were excluded from the study because of recurrent malignancy of anastomosis, mortality and losing in follow up period. Two hundred and one patients remained by the end of study were classified into two groups: 98 patients were treated by routinely transverse hand-sewn cervical esophagogastric anastomosis (group 1); and 103 patients were treated by the proposed oblique hand-sewn esophagogastric anastomotic technique (group 2). All the operations were with high abdominal and left cervical incisions (Transhiatal esophagectomy). All patients of both groups were followed up at least 6-month for detection of anastomotic strictures. Results: Postoperative dysphagia occurred in 20 patients of group 1 versus 5 patients of group 2. In working up by rigid esophagoscopy, two patients of group 2 and four patients of group 1 had not true strictures. Anastomotic strictures occurred in 16 cases of group 1, versus 3 cases of group 2. Statistical comparative analysis results of two groups about stricture formation were significant (3% versus 16% P= 0.003). Conclusion: The oblique hand-sewn esophagogastric anastomostic techniques reduce markedly the rate of stricture formation after esophagectomy