Three component model of cosmic ray spectra from 10 GeV to 100 PeV

A model to describe cosmic ray spectra in the energy region from 10 GeV to 100 PeV is suggested based on the assumption that Galactic cosmic ray flux is a mixture of fluxes accelerated by shocks from nova and supernova of different types. We analyze recent experimental data on cosmic ray spectra obtained in direct measurements above the atmosphere and data obtained with ground Extensive Air Shower arrays. The model of the three classes of cosmic ray sources is consistent with direct experimental data on cosmic ray elemental spectra and gives a smooth transition from the all particle spectrum measured in the direct experiments to the all particle spectrum measured with EAS.Comment: Revised version accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 5 pages, 6 figures, aa.cl

Directness in Russia's High-Context Culture

Session: III-B: Sociopragmatics and Morphology. Presenter: Eugenia Sokolskaya, Kent State University - "Directness in Russia's High-Context Culture"

Seize the Ъ: Linguistic and Social Change in Russian Orthographic Reform

Session: IV-D: History of Slavic. Presenter: Eugenia Sokolskaya, Kent State University - "Seize the ь: Linguistic and Social Change in Russian Orthographic Reform"

Papel e importância dos costumes legais nas jurisdições nacionais (em termos da Federação Russa)

In the Russian legal science, there is an established opinion that today legal custom plays a secondary role in the system of sources of law, or even that it is a rudiment and is not required in regulation of social relations anyway. This position of scientists is explained by the fact that theories rejecting custom as a source of law were common in the ussr since the 1920s. There were numerous attempts to substantiate the impossibility and needlessness of its use in a socialist state. It was justified by the fact that custom is a “primitive” form of law that is not capable of efficiently regulating social relations and even hinders their development. Having studied the modern practice of application of customs in various branches of private and public law, the authors give reasons for the conclusion that the scope of legal customs still retains its significance in Russia. It is proved that the role of customs differs in respect of fields of private and public law, occupying an insignificant place within the latter. However, also in that case there is transformation of established ideas about legal customs, their position in the system of sources of law and the role in the system of legal regulation of social relations are revised. The authors of the article substantiate the need to preserve legal custom in the system of sources of law and propose measures to increase the efficiency of their use.En la ciencia jurídica rusa, existe una opinión consolidada de que hoy en día la costumbre jurídica desempeña un papel secundario en el sistema de fuentes del derecho, o incluso que es un rudimento y no es necesaria en la regulación de las relaciones sociales de todos modos. Esta posición de los científicos se explica por el hecho de que las teorías que rechazan la costumbre como fuente del derecho eran comunes en la urss desde los años veinte. Hubo numerosos intentos de fundamentar la imposibilidad y la innecesidad de su uso en un estado socialista. Se justificaba por el hecho de que la costumbre es una forma “primitiva” de derecho que no es capaz de regular eficazmente las relaciones sociales e incluso obstaculiza su desarrollo. Tras estudiar la práctica moderna de la aplicación de las costumbres en diversas ramas del derecho privado y público, los autores dan razones para concluir que el ámbito de las costumbres jurídicas sigue conservando su importancia en Rusia. Se demuestra que el papel de las costumbres difiere respecto a los campos del derecho privado y público, ocupando un lugar insignificante dentro de este último. Sin embargo, también en ese caso se transforman las ideas establecidas sobre las costumbres jurídicas, se revisa su posición en el sistema de fuentes del derecho y el papel en el sistema de regulación jurídica de las relaciones sociales. Los autores del artículo fundamentan la necesidad de preservar la costumbre jurídica en el sistema de fuentes del derecho y proponen medidas para aumentar la eficacia de su uso.Na ciência jurídica russa, há uma opinião estabelecida de que hoje o costume jurídico desempenha um papel secundário no sistema de fontes do direito, ou mesmo que é um rudimento e não é exigido na regulamentação das relações sociais de qualquer forma. Esta posição dos cientistas é explicada pelo fato de que as teorias que rejeitam o costume como fonte de direito eram comuns na urss desde os anos 20. Houve inúmeras tentativas para substanciar a impossibilidade e a ausência de necessidade de seu uso em um estado socialista. Justificava-se pelo fato de que o costume é uma forma “primitiva” de direito que não é capaz de regular eficientemente as relações sociais e até mesmo impede o seu desenvolvimento. Tendo estudado a prática moderna de aplicação dos costumes em vários ramos do direito privado e público, os autores dão razões para a conclusão de que o escopo dos costumes legais ainda mantém sua importância na Rússia. Está provado que o papel dos costumes difere em relação aos campos do direito privado e público, ocupando um lugar insignificante dentro destes últimos. Entretanto, também nesse caso há uma transformação das idéias estabelecidas sobre os costumes legais, sua posição no sistema de fontes do direito e o papel no sistema de regulamentação legal das relações sociais são revisados. Os autores do artigo fundamentam a necessidade de preservar os costumes legais no sistema de fontes de direito e propõem medidas para aumentar a eficiência de seu uso

Energy spectra of proton and nuclei of primary cosmic rays in energy region 10 TeV/particle

To investigate the chemical composition of primary cosmic rays, several emulsion chambers were exposed at a 10.8 g/sq cm. depth in the stratosphere. Each chamber has the area of 0.92x0.46 sq m. and the depth of 14 c.u. The exposure time of chambers processed by now is 260 hours. The detecting layers were X-ray films and nuclear emulsions, which allowed to measure an energy of cascade and a type of primary particle. Results and techniques are described

Production of facing ceramic material using cullet

The research presents experimental results concerning the charge composition development for ceramics, used for cladding facades and basements of buildings and structures. The given composition is suggested to be based on the low plasticity clay as a basic component, which cannot be used to produce crackless, durable and frost resistant ceramics without introducing functional additives. The following functional additives were applied in the conducted experiments: boric acid, used as a fuse for the reduction of liquid phase sintering temperature and the increase of vitreous phase amount; various empties cullet, used as a fluxing and strengthening additive, which is the source of vitreous phase, forming the rigid frame of interconnected ceramic particles through a layer of vitreous phase. The research experiments stated that the highest compressive strength and frost resistance and the least water absorption can be achieved when 30 wt. % of colorless empties cullet and 2,5 wt.% of boric acid are introduced into the charge. Besides the research demonstrates the results of determining the dependence of bending strength, density, thermal conductivity, open and total porosity. The developed charge composition on the one hand stipulates the solution environmental and technical-economic problems of natural resources rational use and waste management, and on the other hand allows producing high quality facing ceramic products at a reduced cost and using low demand resources

The Effect of Personal Health on the Formation of Human Capital: a Metasystem Approach

In article the problem of influence of the personality's health on formation of the human capital is considered. Authors have conducted theoretical researches of the existing knowledge of the human capital and justifications of influence of the personality's health on its formation are given. On the basis of the carried-out analysis it is established that now the personality's health is a significant factor of efficiency of any kind of activity and important quality of the personality, therefore, it can be considered as a factor of formation of the human capital. According to it need of determination of criteria, the indicators of health of the personality influencing formation and development of the human capital was designated

Energy dependence of Ti/Fe ratio in the Galactic cosmic rays measured by the ATIC-2 experiment

Titanium is a rare, secondary nucleus among Galactic cosmic rays. Using the Silicon matrix in the ATIC experiment, Titanium has been separated. The energy dependence of the Ti to Fe flux ratio in the energy region from 5 GeV per nucleon to about 500 GeV per nucleon is presented.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy Letter