Evaluation of Fungistatic Activity of Eight Selected Essential Oils on Four Heterogeneous Fusarium Isolates Obtained from Cereal Grains in Southern Poland

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the chemical composition of eight commercial essential oils (EsO) (garlic, grapefruit, lemon grass, tea tree, thyme, verbena, cajeput, and Litsea cubeba) and their fungistatic activity in relation to four species of Fusarium: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. oxysporum. The species identification of Fusarium isolates was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer. The determination of qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of the EsO was carried out using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method. The fungistatic activity of EsO was assessed by using the method of poisoned substrates. The data were compiled in the STATISTICA 13.0 program. The chemical composition of the tested oils varied; the dominant fraction, except for grapefruit and garlic oils, were monoterpenoids. The greatest similarity to the action of the synthetic pesticide Funaben T was found in four oils, i.e., thyme, lemongrass, verbena, and Litsea cubeba. The studies showed that F. oxysporum and F. avenaceum were characterized by a higher resistance to low oil concentrations, and F. culmorum and F. graminearum by sensitivity. The fungicidal activity of two EsO-dominant monoterpenoids-thymol and citral—has been confirmed

Effectiveness of the influence of selected essential oils on the growth of parasitic fusarium isolated from wheat kernels from central Europe

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of selected seven commercial essential oils (EsO) (grapefruit, lemongrass, tea tree (TTO), thyme, verbena, cajeput, and Litsea cubeba) on isolates of common Central European parasitic fungal species of Fusarium obtained from infected wheat kernels, and to evaluate the oils as potential natural fungicides. The study was conducted in 2 stages. At each stage, the fungicidal activity of EsO (with concentrations of 0.025; 0.05; 0.125; 0.25; 0.50; 1.0, and 2.0%) against Fusarium spp. was evaluated using the disc plate method and zones of growth inhibition were measured. At the first stage, the fungistatic activity of EsO was evaluated against four species of Fusarium from the Polish population (F. avenaceum FAPL, F. culmorum FCPL, F. graminearum FGPL and F. oxysporum FOPL). The correlation coefficient between the mycelial growth rate index (T) and the fungistatic activity (FA) was calculated. At the second stage, on the basis of the mycelium growth rate index, the effectiveness of the EsO in limiting the development of Fusarium isolates from the German population (F. culmorum FC1D, F. culmorum FC2D, F. graminearum FG1D, F. graminearum FG2D and F. poae FP0D) was assessed. The first and second stage results presented as a growth rate index were then used to indicate essential oils (as potential natural fungicides) effectively limiting the development of various common Central European parasitic species Fusarium spp. Finally, the sensitivity of four Fusarium isolates from the Polish population and five Fusarium isolates from the German population was compared. The data were compiled in STATISTICA 13.0 (StatSoft, Inc, CA, USA) at the significance level of 0.05. Fusarium isolates from the German population were generally more sensitive than those from the Polish population. The sensitivity of individual Fusarium species varied. Their vulnerability, regardless of the isolate origin, in order from the most to the least sensitive, is as follows: F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae, F. avenaceum and F. oxysporum. The strongest fungicidal activity, similar to Funaben T, showed thyme oil (regardless of the concentration). Performance of citral oils (lemongrass and Litsea cubeba) was similar but at a concentration above 0.025%

Media a Polacy: Polskie media wobec ważnych wydarzeń politycznych i problemów społecznych

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape

The Study of the Effectiveness of Advanced Algorithms for Learning Neural Networks Based on FPGA in the Musical Notation Classification Task

The work contains an original comparison of selected algorithms using artificial neural network models, such as RBF neural networks, and classic algorithms, approaches that are based on structured programming in the image identification task. The existing studies exploring methods for the problem of classifying musical notation used in this work are still scarce. The research of neural network based and the classical method of image recognition was carried out on the basis of the effectiveness of recognizing the notes presented on the treble staff. In order to carry out the research, the density of the data distribution was modeled by means of the probabilistic principal component analysis, and a simple regression was performed with the use of a radial neural network. The methods of image acquisition and analysis are presented. The obtained results were successively tested in terms of selected quality criteria. The development of this research may contribute to supporting the learning of musical notation by both beginners and blind people. The further development of the experiments can provide a convenient reading of the musical notation with the help of a classification system. The research is also an introduction of new algorithms to further tests and projects in the field of music notation classification

The Study of the Effectiveness of Advanced Algorithms for Learning Neural Networks Based on FPGA in the Musical Notation Classification Task

The work contains an original comparison of selected algorithms using artificial neural network models, such as RBF neural networks, and classic algorithms, approaches that are based on structured programming in the image identification task. The existing studies exploring methods for the problem of classifying musical notation used in this work are still scarce. The research of neural network based and the classical method of image recognition was carried out on the basis of the effectiveness of recognizing the notes presented on the treble staff. In order to carry out the research, the density of the data distribution was modeled by means of the probabilistic principal component analysis, and a simple regression was performed with the use of a radial neural network. The methods of image acquisition and analysis are presented. The obtained results were successively tested in terms of selected quality criteria. The development of this research may contribute to supporting the learning of musical notation by both beginners and blind people. The further development of the experiments can provide a convenient reading of the musical notation with the help of a classification system. The research is also an introduction of new algorithms to further tests and projects in the field of music notation classification

Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) Karst. – health-promoting properties. A review

This paper presents the characteristics of the species Ganoderma lucidum in terms of health-promoting properties. This species is rare in Poland, and is subject to strict protection. Reishi is classified as a medicinal mushroom which fruiting bodies are characterized by a content of active substances with diverse positive effects on human health. G. lucidum is particularly rich source of bioactive compounds, which are obtained from fruiting bodies, mycelium and spores of this species. The therapeutic effect of G. lucidum extracts has been demonstrated in many scientific studies. The most important pharmacological and physiological effects include: immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-atherosclerosis, antidiabetic and anti-aging. Reishi has also a beneficial effect on liver cells and the cardiovascular system and protects in case of stomach ulcers. Due to its properties G. lucidum can be used in the prevention and treatment of life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, stroke and heart diseases

Mycelium Growth and Biological Efficiency of Ganoderma lucidum on Substrate Supplemented with Different Organic Additives

Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr) P. Karst. is a mushroom exhibiting various medicinal properties, popular particularly in Asia. It is grown on a substrate based on hardwood sawdust. Other organic materials, usually agricultural or industrial waste supplemented with various additives, are also used in the cultivation of this mushroom. Numerous studies have shown that the composition of the substrate has a significant effect on mycelium growth and biological efficiency of Reishi mushroom. The presented analysis determined the effect of different organic substances on mycelium growth and biological efficiency of several G. lucidum isolates (Gan 18, Gan Li 27/3, Gan 7, Gan 112) obtained from mushrooms growing in the wild and from strains of this mushroom (GL 01, GL 02, GL 03 and GL 04). Growing substrate containing oak sawdust supplemented with wheat bran (20%), rye grain (25%), ground soy (7%), ground rapeseed (10%) or meat–and–bone meal (10%). These additives had a considerable effect on mycelium growth and its biological efficiency. A different response to sawdust substrate additives was found for the group of isolates and strains of G. lucidum. All the additives, except for meat–and–bone meal, had a positive effect on mycelium growth and its biological efficiency. In the case of G. lucidum strains a more rapid mycelium growth and a greater biological efficiency were observed for its isolates collected from nature, irrespective of the type of substrate additive