Effect of limb circumference on intramuscular cooling during and following an ice bag application after exercise

Context: Ice bags are commonly applied following exercise, but the effect of limb size on cooling duration and rewarming has not been documented. Objective: Investigate the effect of limb circumference on cooling duration to 10°C below resting baseline and examine the subsequent rewarming trends. Design: Two separate designs were used: a 1 X 2 cross-over design on limb circumference (large circumference [LC: 58-63.5cm] and small circumference [SC: 50-54cm]) and duration of treatment (time to 10°C below baseline) and a 2 X 7 cross-over design on the two limb circumference groups (LC and SC) and the rewarming trend at time Imd, 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-minute. Setting: Laboratory Patients or Other Participants: Fourteen physically active, healthy, college-aged volunteers (20.8 ± 2.7y, ht: 174.6 ± 5.7cm, mass: 75.8 ± 11.9kg: skinfold: 17.9 ± 4.1mm). Interventions: Comparison of LC and SC limbs Main Outcome Measure(s): Duration to 10°C below baseline at 2-cm subadipose tissue depth of the midpoint of the quadriceps and temperature of rewarming at time Imd., 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-minute. Two separate analyses were performed: a 1 X 2 crossover design for duration and a 2 X 7 crossover design for rewarming and Tukey-Kramer MC tests were used for the rewarming. Alpha was set a priori at 0.05. Results: The LC limbs took 6.5min. longer (P = 0.02) to cool than the SC limbs (45min). There was an interaction of circumference and time on temperature (P =.004) with SC limbs being cooler at each time period except Imd. Conclusions: LC limbs took longer to cool to 10°C below baseline. LC limbs remained at the target temperature for 20 minutes while SC limbs continued to cool before warming past the target temperature at 40 minutes. Limb circumference influences treatment duration and rewarming trends

Model‐Based Properties of the Dayside Open/Closed Boundary: Is There a UT‐Dependent Variation?

The open‐closed boundary (OCB) defines a region of significant transformation in Earth\u27s protective magnetic shield. Principle among these changes is the transition of magnetic field lines from having two foot points, one in each hemisphere, to one foot point at Earth, the other mapping to the solar wind. Charged particles in the solar wind are able to follow these open field lines into Earth\u27s upper atmosphere. The OCB also defines the polar cap boundary. Being able to identify and track the OCB allows study of several components of the geomagnetic system. Among them are the electrodynamics of the geomagnetic field and the reconnection balance between the dayside and nightside of the geomagnetic field. Furthermore, the OCB can provide insights into the precipitation of energetic protons into the ionosphere. Using the Tsyganenko model of the geomagnetic field (T96), we demonstrate a diurnal fluctuation which we call the Universal Time (UT) effect of the OCB. This UT effect is independent of all other inputs. We anticipate this UT effect to have important consequences in modeling the OCB and other polar cap‐associated structures, especially polar cap absorption events that adversely affect high‐frequency radio wave propagation in polar regions

Serine-induced formation of aerial hyphae and conidia

Serine-induced formation of aerial hyphae and conidi

Polar Cap Patches and the Tongue of Ionization: A Survey of GPS TEC Maps from 2009 to 2015

The source and structuring mechanisms for F region density patches have been subjects of speculation and debate for many years. We have made a survey of mappings of total electron content (TEC) between the years 2009 and 2015 from the web‐based Madrigal data server in order to determine when patches and/or a tongue of ionization (TOI) have been present in the Northern Hemisphere polar cap; we find that there is a UT and seasonal dependence that follows a specific pattern. This finding sheds considerable light upon the old question of the source of polar cap patches, since it virtually eliminates potential patch plasma sources that do not have a UT/seasonal dependence, for example, particle precipitation or flux transfer events. We also find that the frequency of occurrence of patches or TOIs has little to do with the level of geomagnetic activity

Utilizing reamer irrigator aspirator (RIA) autograft for opening wedge high tibial osteotomy: A new surgical technique and report of three cases

AbstractINTRODUCTIONThe lateral closing wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) was popularized by Coventry in the 1960s. In the 1990s the medial opening wedge osteotomy gained popularity because it could achieve greater valgus correction and it did not require dissociation of the fibula from the tibia, an important consideration when treating varus knees with lateral and posterolateral ligament deficiencies (Noyes’ double-varus and triple-varus knees). However, it has the disadvantage of requiring bone graft to fill bony defects. Recently, the reamer-irrigator-aspirator (RIA; Synthes, Paoli, PA) system was developed, and as a result of this procedure, a large amount of usable autogenous bone graft can be collected safely for use. To our knowledge, there is no published series combining opening wedge HTO with the use of RIA obtained autogenous bone graft.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe present a novel technique in which a series of three patients underwent opening wedge HTO using ipsilateral, retrograde femur RIA graft to fill the bone defect. All patients had satisfactory clinical and radiologic outcomes following the new technique at latest follow up.DISCUSSIONOpening wedge high tibial osteotomy is a well-documented and accepted orthopedic procedure, however, has the disadvantage of requiring varying amounts of bone graft. Traditionally, iliac crest or tricortical allograft have been the grafting modalities of choice, however both have inherent drawbacks to their use. In our series, the use of RIA autograft is a safe and reliable harvest technique for high tibial osteotomy, providing abundant and quality autogenous bone graft.CONCLUSIONAll three of our patients achieved radiographic union with high clinical patient satisfaction without any major complications. We feel this novel technique is a safe and acceptable operative solution grafting opening wedge osteotomies about the knee

Potential use of polyacrylamide (PAM) in Australian agriculture to improve off and on-site environmental impacts and infiltration management

Polyacrylamide (PAM) has been sold in the United States since 1995 for reducing irrigation-induced erosion and enhancing infiltration. PAM's soil stabilizing and flocculating properties have also substantially improved runoff water quality by reducing sediments, N, ortho and total P, COD, pesticides, weed seeds, and microorganisms in runoff. The first series of practical field tests of PAM was conducted in the U.S. in 1991. Chemical companies, working with "early adopter" farmers, began farm testing of PAM in 1997 in Australia. Australian farmer results have been mixed because of lack of familiarity with PAM chemical and physical attributes, lack of research focused on Australian conditions and a resulting lack of support capability from extension or other public conservation or water management infrastructure. PAM has chemical and physical properties that impart a steeper learning curve than most other typical agricultural chemicals. Nonetheless, in Australian tests of PAM, sediment, nutrients, and pesticide reductions exceeded levels achieved by traditional conservation farming' methods (Waters et al., 1999a,b)

Screening for drought resistance in cereals: A soil science perspective

Man's appreciation for the relationship between water and crop production predates recorded history, and has been linked to the rise of most of the world's ancient civilizations. In the early 18th century A.D. the English clergyman Stephen Hale attempted to quantify effects of environmental variation on plant water use and growth1. The formulation of Mendel's laws of heredity, and Wollny's establishment of the first modern principles of soil physics, both late in 19th century, set the stage for the 20th century's assault on drought susceptibility of crops. Unlike breeding for such relatively simple traits as color, size, morphology, or even pest resistance, breeding for drought resistance has proven substantially more elusive. This results principally from the dynamic interaction of many hereditary and environmental factors which together bring about the plant processes and conditions that result in quantity and quality of growth and yield2. Furthermore, the breeding effort may be hampered by a continuing failure to distinguish between drought resistance per se and the collection of traits that can be associated with drought resistance3. This difficulty reflects what is perhaps a more fundamental dilemma, namely the lack of a universally accepted definition of drought resistance. The authors would also point out the need to assess soil-derived sources of variability in field evaluation of cereal responses to drought

Dayside midlatitude ionospheric response to storm time electric fields: A case study for 7 September 2002

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95503/1/jgra21582.pd