10 research outputs found
La protection dans les Ă©changes commerciaux : arguments, formes, mesures et applications aux pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne
L'Ă©tude apporte un Ă©clairage sur la question du protectionnisme en Afrique, au dĂ©part d'un survol des arguments de celui-ci, d'une prĂ©sentation de ces formes et indicateurs de mesure et enfin d'une application de ces derniers aux pays subsahariens de ce continent. Elle permet de conclure que les pays ne peuvent ĂȘtre vĂ©ritablement taxĂ©s de protectionnisme contrairement Ă ce qui est souvent avancĂ©. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur
BMJ Open
In low-income settings with limited access to diagnosis, COVID-19 information is scarce. In September 2020, after the first COVID-19 wave, Mali reported 3086 confirmed cases and 130 deaths. Most reports originated from Bamako, with 1532 cases and 81 deaths (2.42âmillion inhabitants). This observed prevalence of 0.06% appeared very low. Our objective was to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection among inhabitants of Bamako, after the first epidemic wave. We assessed demographic, social and living conditions, health behaviours and knowledges associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. We conducted a cross-sectional multistage household survey during September 2020, in three neighbourhoods of the commune VI (Bamako), where 30% of the cases were reported. We recruited 1526 inhabitants in 3 areas, that is, 306 households, and 1327 serological results (â„1 years), 220 household questionnaires and collected answers for 962 participants (â„12 years). We measured serological status, detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in blood sampled. We documented housing conditions and individual health behaviours through questionnaires among participants. We estimated the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and deaths in the population of Bamako using the age and sex distributions. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was 16.4%â(95% CI 15.1% to 19.1%) after adjusting on the population structure. This suggested that ~400â000 cases and ~2000 deaths could have occurred of which only 0.4% of cases and 5% of deaths were officially reported. Questionnaires analyses suggested strong agreement with washing hands but lower acceptability of movement restrictions (lockdown/curfew), and mask wearing. The first wave of SARS-CoV-2 spread broadly in Bamako. Expected fatalities remained limited largely due to the population age structure and the low prevalence of comorbidities. Improving diagnostic capacities to encourage testing and preventive behaviours, and avoiding the spread of false information remain key pillars, regardless of the developed or developing setting. This study was registered in the registry of the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Bamako, Mali, under the number: 2020/162/CA/FMOS/FAPH
The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance
INTRODUCTION
Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic.
RATIONALE
We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs).
RESULTS
Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants.
CONCLUSION
Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century
La protection dans les Ă©changes commerciaux : arguments, formes, mesures et applications aux pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne
L'Ă©tude apporte un Ă©clairage sur la question du protectionnisme en Afrique, au dĂ©part d'un survol des arguments de celui-ci, d'une prĂ©sentation de ces formes et indicateurs de mesure et enfin d'une application de ces derniers aux pays subsahariens de ce continent. Elle permet de conclure que les pays ne peuvent ĂȘtre vĂ©ritablement taxĂ©s de protectionnisme contrairement Ă ce qui est souvent avancĂ©. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur
Case report: a rare case of NOMA (cancrum oris) in a Malian woman
Noma or cancrum oris is a multi-bacterial and opportunistic infection that destroys soft tissue, as well as muscle and bone, and can be fatal. We present a rare case of Noma in a 32-year-old Malian woman, from whom we isolated an Escherichia coli extended-spectrum beta-lactamase
Profil epidemio-clinique actuel des co-infections VHB/VIH et VHC/VIH au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point- G, Bamako Mali
Objectif: Déterminer la place du portage des virus des hépatites B et C chez les PVVIH admis en hospitalisation.
MĂ©thodologie: LâĂ©tude Ă©tait rĂ©trospective et descriptive sur 10 ans Ă partir de la base de donnĂ©es, dans les services de rĂ©fĂ©rences des hĂ©patites virales B et C. Elle a concernĂ© les patients porteurs du VIH et dâantigĂšne HBs et/ou Ac anti-VHC.
RĂ©sultats: Sur 3024 patients hospitalisĂ©s, 123 cas de coĂŻnfections (4,07%) de VIH + VHB (n =115) et VIH+VHC (n =8) ont Ă©tĂ© recensĂ©s. LâĂąge moyen des patients ayant une coinfection VIH/VHB Ă©tait de 40,2 ans ± 15,6 vs 43,05 ± 2,07 pour ceux ayant une co-infection VIH/VHC et le sex-ratio (H/F) de 0,33 pour les patients VIH/VHB versus 1,5 pour les patients VIH/VHC. Les facteurs de risque identifiĂ©s Ă©taient les partenariats sexuels multiples (50,4%), la transfusion sanguine (5,69%), la sodomie (2,4%) et lâinjection intraveineuse de drogues (2,4%). Les patients VIH-VHB Ă©taient sous traitement ARV dans 67,8% des cas (35,6% par TDF/3TC/EFV) comparĂ©s aux patients VIH-VHC (traitĂ©s par AZT/3TC/EFV). Aucune triple association VIH/VHB/VHC nâĂ©tait diagnostiquĂ©e.
Conclusion: la co-infection VIH et hĂ©patites virale B et C reste non nĂ©gligeable en hospitalisation. Le respect des normes de traitement ARV nationales rĂ©duiraitle poids de la morbi-mortalitĂ© associĂ©e Ă la comorbiditĂ© avec le VHB. Lâespoir des prochaines subventions du traitement du VHC serait un gage de rĂ©duction de sa mortalitĂ©.
Mots clés: Comorbidité, Infection à VIH, Hépatite à virus B, Hépatite à virus C
English Title: Epidemiological and clinical current profile of HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV to the University Hospital Center Area of Point-g, Bamako, Mali
English Abstract
Objective: To determine the place of hepatitis B and C viruses infection among PLVIH admitted to hospital. .
Method: Study was a retrospective and descriptive study over 10 years, from the database in the reference services of viral hepatitis B and C.
Results: Of 3024 hospitalized patients, 123 co-infections (4.07%) of HIV + HBV (n = 115, 93.5%) and HIV + HCV (n = 8, 6.5%) were detected. Their mean age was 40.2 years ± 15.6 (HIV / HBV) vs 43.05 ± 2.07 for the HIV / HCV couple with a sex ratio (M / F) equal 0.33 for HIV / HBV couple and 1.5 for HIV / HCV couple. The risk factors identified were multiple sexual partnerships (50.4%), blood transfusion (5.69%), sodomy (2.4%) and intravenous drug injection (2.4%). The carriers of the HIV-HBV couple were on Antiretroviral treatment (67, 8%) particularly treat by TDF / 3TC / EFV in 36,5% compared to the HIV-HCV couple (treated with AZT / 3TC / EFV). No triple case of HIV / HBV / HCV association was diagnosed.
Conclusion: HIV coinfection and viral hepatitis B and C remain significant in admission. Compliance with national ARV treatment standards would reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality associated to comorbidities of HBV. Hope for future HCV treatment grants would be a pledge to reduce mortality associated to this virus.
Keywords: Comorbidity, HIV infection, Hepatite B, Hepatite
Les sociétés civiles au Sahel : cartographie raisonnée : de la connaissance des contextes à l'accompagnement du changement social, Plateforme d'Analyse du Suivi et d'Apprentissage au Sahel, production PASAS
La notion de ' sociĂ©tĂ© civile ' est polysĂ©mique aussi bien dans ses significations thĂ©oriques que pratiques. Toutefois l'expression ' sociĂ©tĂ© civile ' est utile pour dĂ©crire et analyser les phĂ©nomĂšnes qu'elle couvre. Autour de huit catĂ©gories d'acteurs, appelĂ©s ' Ă©cosystĂšmes ', cette Ă©tude, descriptive et non normative, sur les ' sociĂ©tĂ©s civiles ' au Sahel (Mauritanie, Mali et Niger) rĂ©vĂšle un foisonnement de dynamiques sociales diffĂ©renciĂ©es que la notion renferme dans un ' tout ' qui n'aide pas Ă l'analyse et donc Ă la rĂ©flexion opĂ©rationnelle. L'importation de la notion en Afrique et son usage contemporain par les acteurs institutionnels et associatifs montre des organisations collectives hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes dans leurs trajectoires, leurs objectifs, leurstailles, leurs structurations et leurs moyens mais qui s'inscrivent dans l'histoire des pays de l'Ă©tude, particuliĂšrement autour et depuis les indĂ©pendances. Les organisations de la sociĂ©tĂ© civile que l'Ă©tude dĂ©crit vont au-delĂ de la vision libĂ©rale d'une sociĂ©tĂ© civile comme ' tiers-acteur ' entre le marchĂ© et l'Etat. Dans un espace civique Ă©voluent aussi des mouvements sociaux, laĂŻcs ou religieux, qui interpellent les rĂ©gimes en place et parfois les pays occidentaux, aussi bien sur des questions politiques que sociĂ©tales. Les principes traditionnellement attachĂ©s au concept de sociĂ©tĂ© civile (dĂ©mocratie, espace civil ouvert, droits humains) y sont diversement promus. Les ' sociĂ©tĂ©s civiles ' des pays couverts par l'Ă©tude appartiennent au mĂȘmeespace sahĂ©lien, prĂ©sentent des traits communs mais aussi des spĂ©cificitĂ©s fortes par pays. Il faut les connaĂźtre pour que l'AFD envisage ses soutiens dans le cadre de la loi du 4 aoĂ»t 2022. L'AFD a largement Ă©voluĂ© depuis vingt ans dans sa stratĂ©gie et ses modalitĂ©s de soutien Ă la ' sociĂ©tĂ© civile ' mais reste dans une logique de sous-traitance. Les Ă©volutions politiques actuelles au Sahel, au-delĂ de l'approche par les droits humains et l'approche genre que promeut l'AFD, nĂ©cessitent de sa part de renforcer ses connaissances sur la nature des dynamiques sociales en cours et d'orienter ses actions sur les communautĂ©s les plus pauvres via les droits Ă©conomiques et sociaux (droit Ă la santĂ©, Ă l'Ă©ducation, au travail). Cela passe Ă©galement parun renforcement des Etats dans leurs prĂ©rogatives de fourniture des services sociaux de base aux habitants, tout en les interpellant sur leur fonctionnement dĂ©mocratique et leur transparence budgĂ©taire. Une rĂ©flexion approfondie sur le principe d'appel Ă proposition est nĂ©cessaire