The Effects of new T cell line derived lymphokines on B cell activation

Sofia Mubarika Haryana -- Pengaruh limfokin yang berasal dari T cell line baru terhadap aktivasi sel B Telah diketahui bahwa untuk aktivasi limfosit B diperlukan faktor pertumbuhan yang disebut limfokin atau sitokin. Banyak bukti menunjukkan bahwa limfosit T yang teraktivasi menghasilkan substansi yang dapat memacu proliferasi atau diferensiasi limfosit B. Dewasa ini telah dapat diidentifikasi berbagai limfokin yang disebut sebagai interleukin (IL) seperti IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 dan IL-7 yang ikut berperan dalam aktivasi sel B. Namun, mekanisme aktivasi sel B oleh limfokin sampai sekarang masih terus berkembang dan dipelajari. Untuk dapat lebih memahami aktivasi sel B, dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan pembuatan suatu T cell line, dan telah dikarakterisasi, yakni menunjukkan fenotipe Thyl+, Lyt1+2+, Dalam penelitian ini berbagai aktivator poliklonal lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ConA, dextran sulfat dipakai untuk memacu T cell line menghasilkan limfokin. Aktivitas limfokin pada supernatannya kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan blastogenesis assay dengan 3H-thymidine dan hemolytic plaque assay. Hash penelitian menunjukkan bahwa T cell line menghasilkan faktor pertumbuhan yang memacu proliferasi sel B (B cell growth factor II = BCGF II atau IL-5) dan faktor yang memacu sel B untuk berdiferensiasi (B cell differentiating factor = BCDF atau IL- 6) dan menghasilkan igM dan IgG. Key words : blastogenesis assay -- hemolitic plaque assay -- B cell activation -- T cell line -- lymphokine

Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) and MicroRNA ( miRNA) in Cancer Management

AbstractThe discovery of microRNA, a small non coding RNA, has shed light to the dark matters (98%) of the genome. This finding resulted in a Nobel Prize awarded to Fire and Mello in 2006. miRNA a small non coding RNA  which played  a very important role in regulating protein expression through  3”UTR  or other binding places to mRNA target. miRNA have been considered as negative regulators of protein coding gene expression that may impact in cell differentiation, proliferation,  survival and all fundamental cellular processes, also  implicated in carcinogenesis. miRNA can be grouped into tumor suppressor miRNA (miRSuppressor) and oncogenic miRNA (OncomiR). miRSuppressor regulates protein expression through targeting oncogenic mRNA, meanwhile OncomiR target mRNA Tumor Suppressor. Evidence indicates that deregulation in genetic and epigenetic may cause overexpression of oncomiR and loss of expression of Tumor Suppressor miR.  In addition to that, in recent years, evidences showed that cell-to-cell communication conducted via exosome, which is released from every cell in physiological and pathological conditions andconsidered as fingerprints of cell and its status. This is a paramount biomarker discovery in cancer. In subsequent years, a lot of research further performed for the development of new cancer therapy. Our team GenomiR present our preliminary data on several miRNA in cancers aimed to develop minimal invasive biomarkers in cancer. Recently, the long non coding (lnc) RNA, another class of non-coding RNA have also attracted interest from many scientists in the world. lncRNA have emerged as an essential regulator in almost all aspect of biology included carcinogenesis. lncRNA considered as emerging key player in non-coding world.nCRNA (miRNA and lncRNA) in the context of cancer management will be discussed in this presentatio

Histopatologik dan genetika penyakit alzheimer

Alzheimer\u27s Disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, has become a major public health concern as cognitive deterioration as well as behavioral, affective and psychotic disturbances. Four different genes have been associated with AD, and others likely to be discovered. This finding made a dramatic progress in understanding the neurogenetics and pathophysiology AD. The mechanism by which altered amyfoid and tau protein metabolism may produce neuronal degeneration in AD are being identified. The neurofibrillary tangles which consist of intraneural bundles of abnormal fillament, composed of a highly phosphorylated form of microtubule - associated protein tau which occupying the perikaryotic cytoplasm and extending to the dendritic processes. Cellular and molecular approaches have been done to detect proteins from many materials : cerebrospinal fluid, serum, tissues which is likely could be used as diagnostic and peripheral markeri.e western blot, immunohistochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies. Some gen abnrmallities i.e. mutations could be detected by PCR method in APP gene, PS 1 dan PS 2 genes, also allelic by homozygocity/ heterozygocity of APOE gene, which can give clue what are happening in those genes of AD. Based on these discoveries, rational therapeutic strategies are developing rapidly. Because cholinergic dysfunction may contribute understanding to the symptom of AD patients, enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission constitutes a rational basis for symptomatic treatment. Cholinergic enhancement with acetylcholine esterase inhibitor has now been shown to provide mild symptomatic benefit. Anti inflammatory and antioxidant, neurotransmitter modulation and neuroprotection may also directly interfere with underlying process. Key words : Alzheimer\u27s Disease (AD) - four genes defects - patophysiology - treatmen

MiR-21 and mRNA PTEN Expression Levels and Biomarker Potential in Breast Cancer

MiR-21 has been linked to tumorigenesis, development, and metastasis in tumor pathogenesis. All human cancers, including breast cancer, have increased expression of MiR-21, which is the only miRNA that has increased expression. PTEN expression was found to be reduced in the majority of solid tumors, including breast cancer. Since lymph node metastatic factors, estrogen receptor status, tumor grade, and tumor node metastasis (TNM) all decreased PTEN expression, the PTEN expression profile may be a very useful prognostic marker in breast cancer. PTEN inhibits PIP3 (phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate) activity by having protein phosphatase and lipid phosphatase activity that is the polar opposite of PI3K (Phosphatidyl Inositol 3-Kinase). The aim of this research was to see how often miR-21 and mRNA PTEN were expressed at different stages of breast cancer and whether they could be used as prognostic markers. This type of research is an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The sample size of 43 people came from breast cancer patients. Analysis of miR-21 expression and mRNA PTEN using Real-Time qPCR. The results showed that miR-21 expression increased 1.32 times at an advanced stage compared to an early stage, while mRNA PTEN expression decreased 1.33 fold at an advanced stage compared to an early stage. According to the findings, miR-21 expression in the blood plasma of breast cancer patients was upregulated at an advanced stage compared to an early stage and downregulated mRNA PTEN expression. MiR-21 which is increased at an advanced stage has the potential to be a poor prognostic marker at the stage of breast cancer. The change in miR-21 expression can be a good candidate as a molecular prognostic marker and for future research the role of miR-21 in breast cancer progression will further enrich the scientific repertoire, especially in the health and clinical fields

Gena Dan Molekul Antibodi

ABSTRACT: Sofia Mubarika Haryana & Arjatmo Tjokronegoro. Gene and antibody molecule Five major structural types of immunoglobulin in man can be distinguished. i. e. immunoglobulin G (abbreviated to IgG), IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE. Each type of immunoglobulin can synthesize specific antibody according to the inducing antigen. The specificity of immunoglobulin molecule is found in the antigen-binding fragment. Actually the specificity and the diversity of the immunoglobulin is controlled by the gene in the chromosome. The diversity and where the assembly of immunoglobulins is held are described. Key Words: immunoglobulin - antigen-binding fragment - central dogma - protein synthesis - germ line theor

Detection of bcr-abl Fusion Gene Expression in Chronic Myelogenous

Leukemia is hematology malignancy caused by excess proliferation of hematopoetic or lymphoid cells. Leukemia cases in Indonesia were about 3,7 per 100.000 with mortality rate 83,6% and diagnosed based on FAB classification. The fact, WHO classification 2000, used worldwide based on cytogenesis and molecular biology profile, can define the clonal diseases more precisely and to choose the adequate therapy. CML case is about 15% of all adult leukemia cases and most of the cases are related with t(92) (q11q23) that result bcr-abl fusion gene. The aim of this report is to show the rare case of CML that has been examined for bcr-abl fusion gene. Blood sample was obtained from CML patients diagnosed by hospital doctors based on FAB classification. Mononuclear cell was separated by Ficoll-hypaque gradient centrifugation, then RNA was isolated by Trizol and converted to cDNA by RT reaction. Beta-actin gene was used as internal control and bcr-abl gene was amplified by nested PCR. We reported CML cases classified as atypical (case 1) and typical (case2) type based on FAB classification with post therapy for the second CML. At molecular level, bcr-abl fusion gene found at the second case with longer product than positive control. Keywords: Leukimia,CML, fusion gene ber-ab

Comparison of Bcl-xL protein expression in placental trophoblast cells between pregnancy complicated by severe preeclampsia and normotensive pregnancy

Preeclampsia is one of the main causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity.The pathogenesis of preeclampsia remains unclear until now. It is believed thatregulation of apoptosis in trophoblast cells plays an important role in the pathophysiologyof preeclampsia. Failure of spiral arteries remodeling will eventually lead to placentalhypoxia lead to excessive trophoblast apoptosis. The molecular mechanism of apoptosisis very complicated involving many signaling molecules included Bcl-2 proteins. The Bcl-2 protein group consists of proapoptosis proteins (Bax) and apoptosis inhibitor proteins(Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL). The aimed of this stuty was to compare the expression of Bcl-xLprotein in placental trophoblast cells of pregnancy complicated by severe preeclampsiawith that normotensive pregnancy. This study was an observational study with crosssectional design involving 43 pregnancy patients with severe preeclampsia and 38normotensive pregnancy who treated in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta fromOctober 2011 until March 2012. Placenta samples were obtained from all subjects forBcl-xL protein expression analysis using immunohistochemistry technique. Data wereanalyzed using independent t-test, chi-square test, and logistic regression. A p value<0.05 was considered significant. Significant difference in Bcl-xL protein expressionin trophoblast cells of pregnancy complicated by severe preeclampsia (1.29 ± 0.12)compared to that normotensive pregnancy (1.71 ± 0.14) was reported (p = 0.00). Inaddition, logistic regression test showed that diagnosis of severe preeclampsia had astatistically significant role in Bcl-xL protein expression (p= 0.000). In conclusion, theexpression of Bcl-xL protein is lower in pregnancy complicated by severe preeclampsiacompared to normotensive pregnancy

IN SILICO MOLECULAR DOCKING OF XANTHONE DERIVATIVES AS CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 INHIBITOR AGENTS

Objective: To demonstrate the potential ofdifferent xanthone derivatives as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor agents and their selectivity against cycloooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 using molecular simulation.Methods: Nine novel xanthone derivatives (compounds A-I) were employed to dock against protein COX-2 (Protein Data Bank/PDB ID: 1CX2) and COX-1 (PDB ID: 3N8Z). Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, was chosen as a control compound. The free binding energy produced by the docking was scored using Protein-Ligand Ant System (PLANTS) and the hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between ligands and enzymes were visualised using Pymol.Results: Molecular docking studies revealed that celecoxib docked to the active site of COX-2 enzyme, but not to COX-1; whereasxanthone derivatives docked to the active site of both COX-2 and COX-1. Free binding energy of xanthone derivatives ranged between-73,57 to-79,18 and between-73,06 to-79,25 against COX-2 and COX-1, respectively, and-78,13 against celecoxib. H-bonds in the molecule of xanthone derivatives and COX-2 protein were found in amino acid residues Arg120, Tyr355, Tyr385,and Ser353. There was an insignificant difference between the free binding energyof xanthone derivatives against COX-2 and against COX-1, suggesting that their inhibition was non-selective.Conclusion: In conclusion, in silico studies showed that xanthone derivatives could be effective as potential inhibitors against COX-2, although they are not selective

Effect of different preparation techniques of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) extracts on normal human fibroblast viability

Red dragon fruit is one of the popular fruits that have been widely used both for consumption and food coloring. The red dragon fruit peel and flesh contain various antioxidant compounds that can be used as pharmaceutics and nutraceuticals. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various extract preparations of the peel and the flesh of red dragon fruit on the viability of normal human fibroblasts. Seven conditions of peel and flesh extracts were prepared as follows, i.e. dried peel ethanolic extract, fresh blended peel ethanolic extract, dried flesh, fresh blended flesh ethanolic extract, blended fresh flesh, filtrate of pressed flesh, and pomace of pressed flesh. Each sample preparation was tested for its effect on the viability of normal human fibroblasts using MTT assay. Results showed that dried peel ethanolic extract reduce cell viability. Red dragon fruit flesh extracts caused no significant effect on the fibroblast viability. In conclusion, the fruit flesh extracts are relatively safer to normal cells than the peel extracts. IC50 value of the ethanolic extract of dried peel  was 55.38±3.85 µg/mL, while the IC50 value of various types of flesh extract were more than 500 µg/mL

Interferon-g-Inducible Protein 10 for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging by the absence of a practical gold standard. Interferon (IFN)-ginducible protein 10 (IP-10) is a chemokine that may serve as the leading candidate marker in child TB diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess the diagnostic value of IP-10 in the diagnosis of TB in children.METHODS: We recruited eligible symptomatic and asymptomatic children aged <15 years actively by contact investigation and passively from inpatient and outpatient clinics in two hospitals, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. We conducted clinical examination and chest X-ray in all eligible children. Sputum smear and the rapid molecular TB test were performed in children with TB symptoms. All participants underwent blood sampling for IFN-g Release Assay and IP-10 test.RESULTS: A total of 79 children were recruited to this study. Twelve children were with TB disease, 16 with latent TB infection (LTBI), 40 were TB-exposed only and 11 were non-TB. Children with evidence of TB infection either with TB disease or LTBI had higher levels of antigen-stimulated IP-10 compared to non-infected children, both TB exposed only and non-TB (p=0.000). A cut-off 408.74 pg/mL for antigen-stimulated IP-10 showed high diagnostic accuracy for diagnosis of TB infection (AUC: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92-1.00, sensitivity: 92.3%, and specificity: 91.9%). However, the stimulated levels of IP-10 between children with TB disease and LTBI were not significantly different (p=0.268).CONCLUSION: IP-10 performed well to diagnose TB infection in children. However, it cannot be used to differentiate TB infection from TB disease.KEYWORDS: IFN-g, IP-10, latent TB, active TB, childre