Molecular Phylogeny of Giant Clams Based on Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome C Oxidase I Gene

There is an uncertainty for the relationships among giant clam species of Tridacninae, in particular among species belongs to subgenus Chametrachea i.e. Tridacna crocea, T. maxima, and T. squamosa based on different genetic markers. This study examined the relationships among three species within subgenus Chametrachea compared to the previous studies. Neighbour Joining, Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood tree were constructed based on 455 bp of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I gene from T. crocea, T. squamosa, T. maxima, T. gigas, and several sequences derived from Genbank for the outgroups. The results showed that giant clams formed a monophyletic group. Within Tridacna group, T. crocea was more closely related to T. squamosa than to T. maxima and they formed a monophyletic group. T. crocea and T. squamosa were sister taxa and sister group to T. maxima and T. gigas. Close affinity between T. crocea and T. squamosa was also supported by high similarity on nucleotide level (94.30%) and concordant with the results of the previous studies using mitochondrial 16S rRNA and nuclear 18S rRNA. Key words: phylogenetic relationships, Chametrachea, cytochrome c oxidase

The effect of seasonality on fish species composition and abundance in Rungan river floodplain, Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan

Tropical floodplain rivers are home to the largest fraction of freshwater fish diversity and as such should be a focal point of fish conservation efforts. The aim of this study was to inventory of the fish fauna and analyzing the effect of seasonality on fish species composition and abundance in the Rungan river floodplain at Palangkaraya Municipality. The results of this study provide background data for conserving fish resources. Fishes were sampled at monthly intervals between May 2005 and April 2006 with gillnets of standardized dimensions with several mesh sizes. These were carried out at three stations with different habitat type, includes forested swamp, opened swamp, and river. A total of 4278 fishes were collected consisting of 50 species and 19 families. Seasonality effects on fish species composition and abundance in forested swamp and river. Fish species composition and abundance in opened swamp tend not to drive by seasonality

Evaluasi Kualitas Air Sungai-sungai Di Kawasan DAS Brantas Hulu Malang Dalam Kaitannya Dengan Tata Guna Lahan Dan Aktivitas Masyarakat Di Sekitarnya

Brantas River that is located at Upper Brantas River Basin Area has been polluting that is noted by poluttion that taking place at Karangkates and Sengguruh Reservoir. Development of people and industries around Malang Upper Brantas River Basin Area since 2000, leading to increasing of river water using and pollution, particularly organic pollution. This research evaluated river water quality at Malang Upper Brantas River Basin Area, refered to water quality standard inserted on Governmental Regulation Number 82 / 2001 (PP No. 82 tahun 2001) and observed its relation to land use system and its surrounding people activity. Water quality is observed at 18 station focusing on physical parameters such as temperature, conductivity, suspended solid, and chemical parameters such as pH, DO, BOD, COD, N-nitrate, total nitrogen, orthophosphate and total phosphorous. Furthermore, water quality status is determined by using of pollution index methode, based on Environment Ministerial Regulation Number 115 / 2003 (Kep. Men. LH No. 115 tahun 2003). Evaluation result was related to land use system at Upper Brantas River Basin Area and its surroundings people activity. Evaluation result showed that, water quality has been decreasing at that area compared with the year of 1997-2002, and furthermore almost at all stations the value of COD has exceeded maximum limit threshold. Determination of water quality status also showed that all rivers at Upper Brantas River Basin has been polluted, majority with medium polutted grade. Research the result also showed that river water quality at Malang Upper Brantas River Basin is influenced by land use system and its surroundings people activity, particuarly by industries located along the river basin

The Oogenesis of Sclerectinian Corals Caulastrea furcata and Lobophyllia corymbosa

Caulastrea furcata and Lobophyllia corymbosa are corals of order Sclerectinian. Caulastrea furcata is the only species of genus Caulastrea that could be found in Kepulauan Seribu and L. corymbosa is a rare species. The purpose of this research was to study sexual reproduction of the Sclerectinian coral. The result showed that the ovaries of C. furcata and L. corymbosa were developed in the mesentery, inside the mesoglea, and pinched by gastrodermis. Distinctive channel with trophonema like structure was found in both species as well as gamete which was spawned from polyp through distinctive channel. The gamete simply spawned trough gastrodermis, heading from mesentery filament to excretion track. Histological observation showed that there were four stages of gamet maturity level. However, gonad maturity level consisted of three stadia depended on the characteristic of the ovary

Perencanaan Pariwisata Di Pulau Kera Kabupaten Kupang Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

Tourism is one of development sector that can develop in the small Island. Kera Island is a part of Kupang Bay Natural Sea Tour in Nusa Tenggara Province. Tourism planning in Kera Island is a part of suistenable development strategi which developed with ecotourism. The research had been conducted in Kera Island, Kupang Regency, NTT Province for six months (July, 2005 and February-July 2006). Aim of this researct was to know the carakteristic of Kera Island characteristic for tourism planning. The result of this research is Kera Island has potensial environment for tourism. The Coastal of Kera Island had two Plant comunities. There were pest-caprae (Ipomea pes-caprae) and Barringtonia (Barringtonia spp.), whice made six type of their assosiation. They are Ipomoea pes-caprae and Spinifex littoreus (4,56 ha), Ischaemum muticum (14,37 ha), Andropogon halepense (6,37 ha), Sterculia sp. (10,29 ha), Sesbania grandiflora (7,57 ha), and Sporobolus sp. (2,01). Some tour attraction in Kera Island are sun bathing, tracking, camping, eduacation tour, and relegius tour. According to carring capacity analized, the beach of Kera Island would visited 39-210 person for deluxe klas. Camping area and Bajo traditional house or Timor traditional house are the first acomodation alternatif in the Kera Island tourism planning. Both of camping area and traditional house would take place in Iscaemum muticum area, Sterculia sp. area, and Andropogon halepense area. The reson of its statement is small size of Kera Island (48 ha). The strategy for community development are sea weeds aquaculture programe and in formal tourism education programe

Perencanaan Pariwisata Di Pulau Kera Kabupaten Kupang Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

Tourism is one of development sector that can develop in the small Island. Kera Island is a part of Kupang Bay Natural Sea Tour in Nusa Tenggara Province. Tourism planning in Kera Island is a part of suistenable development strategi which developed with ecotourism. The research had been conducted in Kera Island, Kupang Regency, NTT Province for six months (July, 2005 and February-July 2006). Aim of this researct was to know the carakteristic of Kera Island characteristic for tourism planning. The result of this research is Kera Island has potensial environment for tourism. The Coastal of Kera Island had two Plant comunities. There were pest-caprae (Ipomea pes-caprae) and Barringtonia (Barringtonia spp.), whice made six type of their assosiation. They are Ipomoea pes-caprae and Spinifex littoreus (4,56 ha), Ischaemum muticum (14,37 ha), Andropogon halepense (6,37 ha), Sterculia sp. (10,29 ha), Sesbania grandiflora (7,57 ha), and Sporobolus sp. (2,01). Some tour attraction in Kera Island are sun bathing, tracking, camping, eduacation tour, and relegius tour. According to carring capacity analized, the beach of Kera Island would visited 39-210 person for deluxe klas. Camping area and Bajo traditional house or Timor traditional house are the first acomodation alternatif in the Kera Island tourism planning. Both of camping area and traditional house would take place in Iscaemum muticum area, Sterculia sp. area, and Andropogon halepense area. The reson of its statement is small size of Kera Island (48 ha). The strategy for community development are sea weeds aquaculture programe and in formal tourism education programe

KAJIAN POTENSI BIOAKTIF KARANG LUNAK (OCTORALLIA: ALCYONACEA) DI PERAIRAN KEPULAUAN SERIBU, DKI JAKARTA

Dalam upaya memperkaya khasanah pengetahuan karang lunak di Indonesia, dilakukan penelitian mengenai kajian potensi bioaktif karang lunak di beberapa pulau di Kepulauan Seribu. Selama penelitian, kegiatan ini berhasil mendata 39 spesies (12 genera, 4 famili) karang lunak yang tersebar di Pulau Pari, PulauPramuka, dan Pulau Kotok. Genus Lobophytum mendominasi perairan dangkal (3 m), sedangkan genera Sarcophyton dan Dendronephthya lebih kerap ditemukan di perairan dalam (10 m). Dari ke-39 spesies tersebut,ekstrak dari 30 jenis karang lunak menunjukkan bioaktivitas terhadap keberadaan bakteri patogen Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Ditinjau dari lokasi pengambilan contoh terhadap daratan utama, kandungan bioaktif karang lunak semakin tinggi bila semakin jauh dari daratan utama. Hal yang serupa berlaku untuk karang lunak yang hidup di kedalaman yang lebih dalam.Kata kunci: potensi, bioaktif, karang lunak, bakteri, Kepulauan Seribu