A ética do silêncio racial no contexto urbano: políticas públicas e desigualdade social no Recife, 1900-1940

Mais de meio século após o preconceito racial ter se tornado o principal alvo dos movimentos urbanos pelos direitos civis nos Estados Unidos e na África do Sul, e décadas depois do surgimento dos movimentos negros contemporâneos no Brasil, o conjunto de ferramentas legislativas criado no Brasil para promover o direito à cidade ainda adere à longa tradição brasileira de silêncio acerca da questão racial. Este artigo propõe iniciar uma exploração das raízes históricas desse fenômeno, remontando ao surgimento do silêncio sobre a questão racial na política urbana do Recife, Brasil, durante a primeira metade do século XX. O Recife foi eé um exemplo paradigmático do processo pelo qual uma cidade amplamente marcada por traços negros e africanos chegou a ser definida política e legalmente como um espaço pobre, subdesenvolvido e racialmente neutro, onde as desigualdades sociais originaram na exclusão capitalista, e não na escravidão e nas ideologias do racismo científico. Neste sentido, Recife lança luzes sobre a política urbana que se gerou sob a sombra do silêncio racial.More than half a century after racial prejudice became central to urban civil rights movements in the United States and South Africa, and decades after the emergence of Brazil’s contemporary Black movements, Brazil's internationally recognized body of rights-to-the-city legislation still adheres to the country's long historical tradition of racial silence. This article explores the historical roots of this phenomenon by focusing on the emergence of racial silence in Recife, Brazil during the first half of the 20th Century. Recife was and remains a paradigmatic example of the process through which a city marked by its Black and African roots came to be legally and politically defined as a poor, underdeveloped and racially neutral space, where social inequalities derived from capitalist exclusion rather than from slavery and scientific racism. As such, Recife'sexperience sheds light on the urban policies that were generated in the shadow of racial silence

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Estudo da contaminação por mercurio e metais pesados em garimpo de ouro primario : o estudo de caso da região de Pilar de Goias e Guarinos, Goias

Orientador: Asit ChoudhuriDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de GeocienciasResumo: Este estudo coloca os principais conceitos da química aquática do mercúrio e caracteriza a contaminação antropogênica deste metal. proveniente do processo de beneficiamento das minerações de ouro primário em garimpos na região de Pilar de Goiás e Guarinos (GO). De forma complementar. são analisados os metais pesados de origem litogênica (Cd, Zn. Cu. As, Pb,) que são liberados para o sistema h1drico após o processo de extração e beneficiamento. Procurou-se verificar a influência de todos os metais analisados em áreas onde não havia a ocupação humana, para o estabelecimento de background. Neste contexto são abordadas as alterações ambientais e as interações possíveis dos metais analisados no meio físico e a toxicidade. O mercúrio foi analisado em duas campanhas de amostragem de sedimento de corrente e água em drenagens e córregos locais, procurando quantificar e compreender o seu comportamento. Os demais metais foram analisados somente na primeira campanha. O mercúrio deposita-se nos sedimentos em pontos específicos em torno de 100 mts a partir do ponto de colocação do rejeito na drenagem. O nível de mercúrio dissolvido nas águas independe do conteúdo de mercúrio nos sedimentos e está na faixa de 1,85 a 4,45 ng/ml. Foram detectados altos valores principalmente de As nos sedimentos. De acordo com as considerações teóricas desenvolvidas sobre a geoquímica dos elementos analisados, o principal e iminente problema, ainda que não analisados, é a liberação do vapor de mercúrio durante o processo de queima de pasta, tanto em seu componente ocupacional como ambiental. Potencialmente, os metais pesados imobilizados nos sedimentos de fundo dos rios constituem um perigo a qualidade da água e a vida aquática, podendo ser liberado como resultado de mudanças físico-químicosAbstract: The main concepts of mercury water chemistry and the environmental contamination by this metal as a by product of mining of primary gold at "Pilar de Goiás" and "Guarinos" regions, state of Goias. Brazil, are here discussed. The heavy metals of lithogenie origin (Cd, Zn, Cu, As, Pb) liberated into the water by the extraction and processing of gold are also deal t with here. The influence of these metals and their toxicities with respect to background areas free from human contamination have a1so been verified. The mercury contents both in sediment samp1es and in water from streams and from the general drainage system were quantitatively analyzed in samples collected on two field trips. The other metals were analyzed only in samples collected during the first trip. Mercury was found in sediments up to a distance of around 100 m from the point that the contaminated waste was introduced into the drainage basin. The content of mercury dissolved in the water ( 1,85 to 4,45 ng/ml) is independent of its concentration in the sediments. High concentrations of As, were noted in the sediments. The heavy metals in the river sediments are potentially dangerous both to water quality and to water life when eventually liberated through physical-chemical and environmental changes. According to theoretical considerations drawn from the geochemistry of the analyzed elements the main occupational and environmental problem (not studied here) is the liberation mercury vapors during the burning of the Hg-Au pastaMestradoAdministração e Politica de Recursos MineraisMestre em Geociência

Situação das bibliotecas escolares no Brasil: o que sabemos?

This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of Brazilian school libraries surveys, produced by various authors from 1979 to 2011. Analysis was made of eighteen published surveys, in order to get a view of what has already been studied and is known regarding the conditions of Brazilian school libraries. Analysis was made of: the objectives of the surveys, the methodologies and data collection techniques, the theoretical approach, the results obtained and the conclusions and recommendations made by the authors. The variety of procedures for collecting and analyzing data used in each survey precludes inferences and conclusions. However, taken together, these studies constitute a partial picture of school libraries in the country, confirming the precarious situation of these institutions and making more visible the problems they face.Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as características de diagnósticos sobre bibliotecas escolares brasileiras, elaborados por diversos autores. Foram identificados e analisados dezoito diagnósticos publicados na literatura da área, de 1979 a 2011, de forma a se obter uma visão do que já se estudou e se conhece a respeito das condições das bibliotecas escolares brasileiras. Foram analisados: os objetivos dos diagnósticos, a metodologia utilizada e a técnica de coleta de dados, o referencial teórico, os resultados obtidos, as conclusões e recomendações feitas pelos autores. A variedade de procedimentos de coleta e análise dos dados utilizados em cada diagnóstico impossibilitou inferências e conclusões mais aprofundadas. No conjunto, esses trabalhos compõem um retrato parcial da biblioteca escolar no país, confirmando a situação precária dessas instituições e tornando mais visíveis os problemas existentes

Map of infiltration of the Paraíba do Sul basin using physical elements and precipitation

This paper presents a methodological approach to characterize the infiltrations conditions of a portion of Paraiba do Sul river basin (7,600 km2) using Geographic Information Systems tools. To each landscape feature (rock, structure, relief, soil, and land-use) and to the spatial distribution of precipitation, an infiltration potential scale factor that ranges from higher influence (5) to lower influence (1) was applied considering its geographical position. The results showed that higher infiltration capacity areas are located in Serra da Bocaina associated to Serra do Mar relief in the Northeast region and Southeast region as well associated to gentle hills and sandstones along the Paraíba do Sul river. The creation of an Infiltration Map may contribute to the development of long-term territorial plans and water resource management plans in order to support future implementation of non-structural and structural measures at both regional and local scales

Relação do meio físico com o manejo sustentável de plantio de eucalipto em áreas de terrenos acidentados - A Fazenda Santa Edwirges, Vale do Paraíba, Sudeste do Brasil

This study intends to evaluate the effects of landscape physical elements (rocks and relief) associated with silviculture activities. The study was carried out on a small farm (Fazenda Santa Edwirges) covered by Eucalyptus forested situated in the Paraiba do Sul Basin, Southeast Brazil. The methodology consisted of detailed geological and geomorphological studies at 1:10,000 scale, and laboratory analysis of soil physical properties. The results showed three geologic-geomorphologic associations (ridge escarpment with granitic rocks, steep and gentle hills cut by shear zones and gentle hill with alluvial sediments) present high vulnerability for the development of the physical processes such as accelerated erosion landslides and flooding. In contrast, mountains associated with gneissic rocks present smaller vulnerability and high resilience for the development of the physical processes. The results have showed the importance of considering the interactions among landscape physical for the eucalyptus forest management contributing to a better selection area for eucalyptus cultivation and minimize adverse environment impact in road design.Neste estudo são descritos e analisados os elementos e processos do meio físico de uma área de plantio de eucalipto (Fazenda Santa Edwirges), situada em uma região de relevos acidentados no Médio Vale do Paraíba do Sul (porção paulista). Para isto foram elaborados os mapas geológico e geomorfológico em escala de detalhe (1:10.000) e análise de solos, incluindo textura e ensaios geotécnicos com amostras deformadas e indeformadas, procurando correlacionar estes parâmetros do meio físico com a evolução dos processos como erosão acelerada, escorregamentos e inundações. Os resultados mostraram que três associações geológica-geomorfológica - escarpas alongadas com rochas graníticas, morros e morrotes recortados por zonas de cisalhamento e relevos alveolares com sedimentos inconsolidados - representam situações de elevada vulnerabilidade ao desenvolvimento dos processos. Ao contrário, a associação de morros e morrotes com rochas gnáissicas ricas em biotita, mostrou baixa vulnerabilidade, ou seja, maior resiliência aos processos. O conhecimento do meio físico em áreas de florestas plantadas pode contribuir significativamente para o gerenciamento e manejo destas áreas como, por exemplo, estabelecer a porcentagem de áreas plantadas e definir traçados de estradas com menor impacto ambiental

Floods areas in the paulista region of river basin Paraiba do Sul and headwaters of Rural Environmental Register

<p></p><p>Abstract The knowledge of urban flood risk areas associated with the rural environmental register database allows to identify where small rivers begins. This article combines and assesses the risk prone areas with headwaters and proposes actions. The goal of this work was to evaluate the relationships between flood risk and the environmental conditions of headwaters (both in preserved, consolidated areas and to be reforested) of 10 municipalities in the Paraiba Valley, previously mapped by the Institute of Technological Research (IPT). The results showed that, for the municipalities evaluated, 10,324 headwaters were registered and, for all municipalities the quantity of preserved areas is higher in comparison with the consolidated areas. Furthermore, there is a lack of vegetation restoration project in rivers that causes flooding in the studied municipalities, even after changes in the Brazilian Forest Code. These results provide valuable information to the local institutions that conduct actions for the restoration of deforested areas and several other initiatives that aim to mitigate flood risk in the areas assessed in this study.</p><p></p