How Samten Gyaltsen came to Europe

Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines Number 14, October 200

Reversing type II migration: resonance trapping of a lighter giant protoplanet

We present a mechanism related to the migration of giant protoplanets embedded in a protoplanetary disc whereby a giant protoplanet is caught up, before having migrated all the way to the central star, by a lighter outer giant protoplanet. This outer protoplanet may get captured into the 2:3 resonance with the more massive one, in which case the gaps that the two planets open in the disc overlap. Two effects arise, namely a squared mass weighted torque imbalance and an increased mass flow through the overlapping gaps from the outer disc to the inner disc, which both play in favour of an outwards migration. Indeed under the conditions presented here, which describe the evolution of a pair of protoplanets respectively Jupiter and Saturn sized, the migration is reversed, while the planets semi-major axis ratio is constant and the eccentricities are confined to small values by the disc material. The long-term behaviour of the system is briefly discussed, and could account for the high eccentricities observed for the extrasolar planets with semi-major axis a>0.2 AU.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA

The Lusignans in England, 1247-1258

I do not claim to have collected and incorporated in this essay every available scrap of evidence which relates to Henry III and his half-brothers. Indeed, in the beginning the purpose of this study proposed to be nothing more than a picture, -- a picture of the methods by which a feudal prince rewarded his subjects. As time went on, certain constitutional issues arose. I have tried to point out wherein Henry III violated the charters in rewarding his brothers, but I have not attempted to give a lengthy discussion of this phase of the story. I have, however, reached the conclusion that the monastic chroniclers were not entirely wrong when they attributed the cause of the Barons\u27 War to hatred of the aliens, and more especially, to hatred of the king\u27s brothers

DIETARY AVAILABILITY AND RETENTION OF SELECTED MINERALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTENSIVE PRODUCTION OF RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This research programme aimed to review the nutritional requirements for the main minerals, (namely calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc) formulated in commercial diets that are essential for the health and growth performance for salmonid fish. This was undertaken with the aim of improving our knowledge of their physiology, metabolism and fate in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Phosphorous (P) featured strongly in this work due to its adverse role in pollution and the environmental impact of intensive fish farming. The first chapter surveyed the gross nutritional requirements of fish and focused on the mineral requirements in particular. Typically the P requirements for trout were found to range from 0.5-0.8% of the diet. The problems of P loading as a consequence of dietary loses was addressed and the physiological and metabolic roles of both calcium and phosphorous were especially noted in relation to fish health and for phosphorous its environmental implications were addressed. Experimental approaches were evaluated and it was decided to conduct both standard growth trial studies as well as digestibility trials to provide the basis of most investigations with the rainbow trout. Novel approaches and strategies were used in relation to specific experiments such as examining the mineral levels in blood, and various tissues and the testing of different feed ingredients, dietary supplements and mineral sources in successive investigations. Initial investigations appraised commercial diets of varying nutritional profile with respect to mineral retention and availability for rainbow trout under controlled laboratory conditions. The effects of diets containing different fishmeal sources: i.e. brown versus white fishmeals, elevated ash content and also varying in the levels of oil were tested on juvenile rainbow trout in closed recirculated systems. Diet composition caused a significant effect on mineral retention and distribution profile in fish tissues and organs. Typically, both P and Ca were of highest concentration in vertebrae of trout (60mg/g-dry weight), compared with P concentrations for all other major organs/tissues, which were fairly even between 11-20mg/g. A small increase in dietary P level (1.08% vs. 1.22%) did not affect any growth parameters for trout for the first two commercial feeds tested but there were interesting observations with respect to the amount of P excreted in the bile with a 25% increase from 0.8mM to 1.2mM. The P levels in plasma of these fish did not reflect any dietary changes. However, there was a noticeable reduction in the digestibility of P in the diet containing the white fishmeal source (26%) compared with 49% for the higher grade fishmeal diet. High ash content feeds resulted in a marked reduction in the net mineral retention of this element (16% compared to 27% for the lower ash diet). The same was also true for Ca (12% compared with 26%). The effect of oil levels in diets on mineral utilization was investigated under farmed conditions and was of particular interest given the demand for nutrient dense feeds in the industry. There was a strong tendency for improved P and Ca digestibility coefficients at each incremental increase in oil level for juvenile production sized fish (50-l00g). This ranged from 55% to over 70% when oil levels were over 26%. However this was not observed for larger fish of over 200g in weight. Experimental investigations followed are described in (Chapter 4) where fishmeal based diet was supplemented with varying levels of inorganic phosphorous. Phosphorous, calcium and other mineral absorption characteristics in addition to retention were measured in a series of growth and digestibility trials. Interestingly, there was no apparent change in the distribution of P with increasing dietary levels ranging from 1.39-2.16%. These were above known requirements for these fish with minerals being in excess. Similar results were noted for all other minerals measured in rainbow trout. There was a significant rise in the P concentration of plasma of rainbow trout fed a diet containing over 2% P and this may infer that the homeostatic regulation of P is unable to function at this level. Other haemato-logical parameters were not affected. Although not significant, there appeared to be slight trend in elevated bile P with increasing dietary P supplementation. The faecal concentrations for each of the minerals showed that elevated P in fish meal diets led to increased faecal output from 25mg/g to over 40mg/g for the highest P diet. Overall digestibility coefficients were lower as dietary P increased above that in the fishmeal control diet. These ranged from 50% to 39% for P, Ca and Mg were not greatly affected. The net retention of P was calculated and this fell from 30% to just below 20% for the range of dietary P used in the investigation. A preliminary study, reported in chapter 5A, was useful in providing information about the relative absorption profiles for differential mineral absorption from the various regions of the gastro intestinal tract of rainbow trout. A standard commercial diet was fed to large trout (>200g) and subsequently, digesta was removed from fish and analysed. For all minerals and protein, the pyloric and mid intestinal region was the main site for digestion, release and absorption of the macro elements concerned. The protein and mineral digestibility of suitable feedstuffs commonly employed in the formulation of complete diets for trout resulting from a sequence of experimental trials are presented in chapter 5B. These included a selection of marine, animal and plant by-products which were substituted into a reference basal diet designed for salmonids. This involved the inert marker- yttrium oxide and calculations based on nutrient digestibility from diet and faecal concentrations. Mineral digestibility coefficients were found to vary considerably and a number of anomalies such as negative values were obtained for Ca and Zn in certain feedstuffs. Combined diets (reference and test ingredient) gave values that were more consistent and P digestibility ranged from 47-59% in marine and animal protein concentrates compared with plant sources (24-37%). Negative values for Ca and Zn were thought to be attributable to complex interactions with other feed components. Additionally, a group of inorganic mineral supplements were tested by inclusion into a series of diets. These included mono calcium phosphate, di-calcium phosphate (DCP), mono di-calcium phosphate and magnesium phosphate. DCP produced lower Ca and P digestibility values, 31 and 50% respectively, compared with the other sources (44-62%), indicating the importance of choice of mineral supplement in aquafeeds. A critical appraisal of this work is provided in Chapter 6 and formed a retrospective review of the results generated and integrated these findings into a foundation for further research and development. Nutritional investigations using the rainbow trout as the model salmonid species raised many more questions and possibilities and broadened the scope of the topic. The subject of mineral requirements for fish is very complex and numerous factors are involved at several physiological and biochemical levels in fish. Although the research on rainbow trout involved whole animal studies under both laboratory and commercial farm conditions, the need to explore alternative in vitro methods and to utilize larger scale farm and sea cage trials for salmon were suggested. The advent of more advanced diet formulations and feeding strategies were mentioned and the scope for more scientific investigations to improve the utilization and reduce phosphorous discharge into the environment proposed.TROUW Aquaculture U

Ownership and Leasing of Minerals Under Highways and Right-Of-Ways

The recent increase in urban drilling has raised several issues for oil and gas operators, one of which is the ownership of minerals under roads, easements, and other strips of land. Although the task of determining such ownership is far from new to operators, the increase in urban drilling and the drilling of horizontal, rather than vertical, wells has certainly made it more onerous. No matter how difficult it is to determine the mineral ownership, it must be completed if an operator is planning to drill under or within 330 feet of the tract. Attorneys and operators need to remember the strips of land are separate tracts of land and must be identified as such when applying for well permits. If an operator drills under a road that is not leased, then a trespass has been committed. At that point, the permit obtained by the operator may be invalid and the Railroad Commission could possibly shut-in the well. Regardless of whether the strip is a road, highway, railroad, or utility easement, ownership of the minerals can be determined through a two-step process: (1) identify how the strip was created and the resulting estate, and (2) determine the effect of subsequent conveyances of the strip and property adjacent thereto. Although this process can be used on all strips of land, regardless of their nature, this paper focuses mainly on roads for the sake of simplicity

Between equality and discrimination:the paradox of the women’s game in the mind-sport bridge

Gender differences in the sporting world are long-standing and historic. Couched often as biologically given, differences in the uptake, training and playing of sport, from hobby to elite Olympian, are riven with discourses, practices and attitudes regarding the different aptitudes of men and women. Recognizing the ways these gendered differences operate is contentious and problematic, particularly in relation to women-only spaces. Such spaces can be used to promote the development and skills of women while simultaneously perpetuating and reinforcing women’s difference and inequality to men. Using the case study of bridge (the card game), we analyse the ways in which the women’s game is viewed as both hindering women’s progression in the game whilst also providing women spaces to compete internationally. Findings from an email questionnaire with tournament and club players show how the women’s game incapsulates both inequality and opportunity. The women’s game remains a divisive issue within the bridge world as it provides competitive opportunities for women at an elite level, whilst simultaneously being viewed as technically inferior and discriminatory. The paper argues that the tensions and ambivalences of the paradox of women-only spaces reflect ongoing hetero-patriarchal discourses within sporting and leisure contexts

Researching Camphill: Past, Present & Future

First paragraph: In 1939 Karl König and a group of other Austrian-Jewish émigrés fled Austria to Scotland and there started a community for children with additional support needs. In time this extended across four continents and one hundred residential facilities, including schools and adults centres (Bock, 1990:36-56). Based on the principles outlined by König, Camphill was established to create and maintain an environment where the economic, social and spiritual aspects of lives within the community complemented each other. The ideals of the founders were to help those who had been “rejected and misunderstood by society, to care for the land, to celebrate the Christian festivals and to live together in a truly communal manner without salaries or other remuneration for their work” (de Ris Allen, 1990:11), guided by the Anthroposophical philosophy of Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925). It was not a job as much as a way of life, with an ideal of equality and unified decision-making practices (Seden, 2003:111; Bock, 2004)

Researching Camphill: Past, Present & Future

First paragraph: In 1939 Karl König and a group of other Austrian-Jewish émigrés fled Austria to Scotland and there started a community for children with additional support needs. In time this extended across four continents and one hundred residential facilities, including schools and adults centres (Bock, 1990:36-56). Based on the principles outlined by König, Camphill was established to create and maintain an environment where the economic, social and spiritual aspects of lives within the community complemented each other. The ideals of the founders were to help those who had been “rejected and misunderstood by society, to care for the land, to celebrate the Christian festivals and to live together in a truly communal manner without salaries or other remuneration for their work” (de Ris Allen, 1990:11), guided by the Anthroposophical philosophy of Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925). It was not a job as much as a way of life, with an ideal of equality and unified decision-making practices (Seden, 2003:111; Bock, 2004)

Conditions for the occurrence of mean-motion resonances in a low mass planetary system

The dynamical interactions that occur in newly formed planetary systems may reflect the conditions occurring in the protoplanetary disk out of which they formed. With this in mind, we explore the attainment and maintenance of orbital resonances by migrating planets in the terrestrial mass range. Migration time scales varying between millions of years and thousands of years are considered. In the former case, for which the migration time is comparable to the lifetime of the protoplanetary gas disk, a 2:1 resonance may be formed. In the latter, relatively rapid migration regime commensurabilities of high degree such as 8:7 or 11:10 may be formed. However, in any one large-scale migration several different commensurabilities may be formed sequentially, each being associated with significant orbital evolution. We also use a simple analytic theory to develop conditions for first order commensurabilities to be formed. These depend on the degree of the commensurability, the imposed migration and circularization rates, and the planet mass ratios. These conditions are found to be consistent with the results of our simulations.Comment: 11 pages with 4 figures, pdflatex, to appear in the proceedings of the conference "Extra-solar Planets in Multi-body Systems: Theory and Observations"; eds. K. Gozdziewski, A. Niedzielski and J. Schneider, EAS Publication Serie