The Effects of Chronic Anaerobic Infection on Atherosclerosis in Rabbits

Arterial disease is virtually a universal entity in man. Some cultures, such as the African Bantus have very little in the way of vascular lesions, while in the United States and other industrialized nations atherosclerosis affects a large segment of the population. With this in mind it is not hard to understand why ischemia, or arteriosclerotic heart disease, is second only to cardiovascular diseases in general as the major cause of death in the United States (4, 42). Ruffer (112) noted the presence of arterial lesions in Egyptian mummies dating back 3,400 years. The presence of atherosclerotic lesions has also been reported in a 2100 year old Chinese mummy (36). Though atherosclerosis is an ancient disease it is seen more and more often in our culture in vascular disease. The early sixteenth and seventeenth century anatomists were the first to make note of arterial lesions and guess at their origins. Over the centuries came theories and definitions that are at the least confusing. Virchow in 1856 (6, 7, 45 ) was the first to propose the theory of mechanical damage to the intima of the artery to account for the entry of blood plasma into the arterial wall. The lesions were attributed to chronic irritation. Marchand in 1904 coined the term atherosclerosis. At the time the dominant concept was one of arterial lesions forming after there was an increase in sub-intimal connective tissue due to irritative or mechanical forces. Today much more is understood about the processes of arteriosclerosis, but definitions still vary among authors. Arteriosclerosis is the broad generic term which literally means hardening of the arteries and involves the processes of thickening and loss of elasticity to arterial walls (42, 108, 109). Three distinct morphological entities are grouped under this broad heading; (1) medial sclerosis, (2) arteriolosclerosis and (3) atherosclerosis. The medial or Monckeberg’s sclerosis is characterized by calcifications within the media of medium to small arteries, particularly the femoral, tibial, radial and ulnar arteries. Arteriolosclerosis is particularly common in hypertension and affects the small arteries and arterioles. It is distinguished by hyaline proliferation and fibrous and elastic hyperplasia of the media and the intima. Atherosclerosis is the most commonly seen form of the arteriosclerotic diseases and when it occurs it has the most serious clinical consequenses. The aorta and other large elastic arteries of the extremities are the primary locations for atherosclerosis. The disease is characterized by patchy, nodular lesions due to a thickening of the intima and a degenerative process in which lipid deposition occurs. The media may also become involved. The earliest descernible lesion is termed a fatty streak. It presumably occurs over an area of stress to the vessels. Lipid is deposited in the site and soon macrophages and myocytes become filled with the fat droplets and form foam cells . The intima is thickened and the elastic lamina is disrupted by extracellular fat. As the pathogenesis continues the arterial tissue attempts to repair itself and a fibrous capsule is layed down over the lesion thickening the intima even more. The term fibrous or pearly plaque now differentiates the lesion. The cells in the center of this lesion die due to a lack of oxygen and a necrotic mass, termed gruel is formed. From the vasa vasorum large capillaries or sinusoids invade the gruel and at the same time calcium is being deposited and the lesion can become calcified or hardened . Up to this point the body has been doing though the usual healing and repair processes, but now destructive changes can occur. The cracking or breaking away of a plaque can cause hemorrhage or ulceration. These degenerative changes can be a grave threat when aneurysm or thrombus formation occurs. It appears that this sequence of lesion formation must occur in waves throughout a lifetime since lesions of various size and age can be found side by side in the aorta. In general however, there is agreement that in North America at least the fatty streaks appear during the first decade of life while pearly plaques are forming in the second and third decade. The complications and their consequences occur from the fourth decade on (16, 21, 72)

INTRAORAL AIR PRESSURE MEASURES IN ADULTS

The effect of age, gender, and repeated measures on intraoral air pressure (P0) was examined. Sixty adults comprised of ten males and ten females in each of three age groups (i.e., 20 to 39, 40 to 59, and 60 to 83 years) participated. P0 was assessed during voiceless stop plosive /p/ productions in repeated vowel/consonant syllables. The three medial plosives of a seven syllable train were averaged to comprise a token. Five tokens were obtained and averaged for each of three trials. Thus each participant contributed 105 syllables and a subsequent three P0s for analyses. There was no statistically significant difference in P0 as a function of age or gender (p>.05). These findings support the conception that P0 remains stable throughout adulthood and is not dependent on gender. Differences in repeated measures of P0 attained statistical significance (p = .03), however the mean differences between trials (.23 cm H20) were negligible and deemed to be clinically insignificant. Thus, across a short sampling session, P0 is a relatively stable measurement and does not change as a function of age or gender

A clinical method for estimating laryngeal airway resistance during vowel production

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Éxito en arquitectura: una perspectiva de género

This paper considers the meaning of success . Architecture defines success in terms of publications in journals , winning awards, and being promoted to director; however, it is clear that these indicators of talent are predominantly male-orientated; and this in itself affirms that success is intertwined with gender. This paper considers the position that different groups within architecture have in historical notions of success. In order to explore this idea students, academics, and architects were asked to respond to matched questions regarding success. This paper argues that the norms of success are already pluralized and that this insight provides a challenge to conventional and hegemonic understandings of success.Este artigo analisa o sentido de sucesso. A arquitetura define sucesso enquanto a publicações em revistas, obtenção de prêmios ou ser promovido a diretor. Contudo, é claro que esses indicadores de sucesso são predominantemente orientados ao gênero masculino. Este texto considera o posicionamento de diferentes grupos que, na arquitetura, têm noções históricas sobre o sucesso. A fim de explorar essa ideia, foi realizada uma enquete com estudantes, acadêmicos e arquitetos para que respondessem perguntas relacionadas com esse tema. Argumenta-se que as regras do sucesso já estão pluralizadas e que essa perspectiva constitui um desafio para interpretações convencionais e hegemônicas a respeito dele

Architectural Success: A Gendered Perspective

This paper considers the meaning of success. Architecture defines success in terms of publications in journals, winning awards, and being promoted to director; however, it is clear that these indicators of talent are predominantly male-orientated; and this in itself affirms that success is intertwined with gender. This paper considers the position that different groups within architecture have in historical notions of success. In order to explore this idea students, academics, and architects were asked to respond to matched questions regarding success. This paper argues that the norms of success are already pluralized and that this insight provides a challenge to conventional and hegemonic understandings of success