Effects of Stand Structure, Browsing, and Biophysical Conditions on Regeneration Following Mountain Pine Beetle in Mixed Lodgepole Pine and Aspen Forests of the Southern Rockies

Aspen (Populus tremuloides) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) co-occur in the southern Rocky Mountains (USA), where mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae) has caused extensive lodgepole pine mortality since the late 1990s. Both species excel in post-disturbance high-light environments, but lodgepole pine has generally been thought to establish poorly on undisturbed seedbeds, and aspen suckering may be inhibited by intact aspen overstory. We ask whether lodgepole pine and aspen will regenerate in sufficient quantities to revegetate these forests. We visited a random sample of aspen and lodgepole pine stands across the affected landscape in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming to measure regeneration and overstory mortality. Lodgepole pine regeneration is occurring in 85% of stands, and most stands have \u3e550 stems ha−1. The median aspen sucker density was 6175 stems ha−1. Surprisingly, neither lodgepole pine nor aspen regeneration density was related to overstory mortality level. Animal damage is currently affecting aspen in these forests. Over 50% of stands had damage to 60% or more of their suckers, but 30% of stands had \u3c20% of their stems damaged. Browsed stems were significantly shorter for their ages and were shorter than the 2.5-m height threshold for possible elk browsing. However, the results suggest that sufficient quantities of down lodgepole pine may protect aspen from damage and allow aspen to successfully recruit to the overstory. Multiple regression analysis showed that down lodgepole pine basal area, followed by browsing pressure, were the most important predictors of sucker height and the proportion of suckers browsed. Although 15% of stands had no lodgepole pine regeneration, aspen and lodgepole pine forests are generally regenerating despite animal browsing on aspen. This study is the first to present a regional perspective on regeneration in MPB-affected lodgepole pine and aspen forests, and overall, intervention does not seem necessary to ensure a mix of both species in the future

Laughing Water : Characteristic

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/1956/thumbnail.jp

Directory of Nonprofit Organizations of Color in Minnesota.

This 1992 directory is a much expanded and more inclusive directory than Nonprofit Organizations of Color in Minnesota, published in 1991 by CURA. It includes all not-for-profit associations, organizations, mutual assistance and fraternal groups, religious organizations, and tribal governments. Entries are grouped according to cultural origins: African American/African, American Indian, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and multi-cultural. Address, phone number, and name of the director are included. Mailing label matrices are provided for each community of color

Nonprofit Organizations of Color in Minnesota: An Overview and Directory.

This 1992 second printing includes corrections, deletions, and additions from the first edition

Nonprofit Organizations of Color in Minnesota: An Overview and Directory.

Out of the 2,800 nonprofit organizations registered in Minnesota, 152 are organizations of color. They are controlled by persons of color and/or primarily serve persons of color. This 1991 directory lists the organization by group: Asian/Pacific Islander, African American/African, American Indian, Hispanic, and multi-cultural. Address, phone number, name of the director, and a two or three word description of the organization are included. The directory does not include all the organizations that serve people of color. Many religious organizations, for example, are not included. A thirteen-page overview provides a picture of these organizations as a whole: who they are, where they are, how old and how large they are, who guides them, how they operate, what they do, and where they get their money. Mailing label matrices are provided for each community of color

Directory of Nonprofit Organizations of Color in Minnesota. Second Edition.

Over 600 organizations are listed in this 1003 directory. They are not-for-profit groups that are controlled by persons of color and/or primarily serve persons of color. Religious organizations and tribal governments are included, but for-profit groups and state offices are not. The listings give the name and address of each group and whenever possible, their phone numbers and the name of a contact person. Organizations are categorized as African American/African, American Indian, Asian/Pacific American, Hispanic, and Multi-Cultural. Mailing label matrices are provided for each community of color

Mechanical Properties of Crosslinked Poly/methyl Methacrylate/ Polymers Under Space Environmental Conditions Final Report, Jun. 1, 1963 - Jan. 30, 1966

Mechanical properties determined for cross linked polymethyl methacrylate under stress-relaxation test metho

Analysis and design of a capsule landing system and surface vehicle control system for Mars exploration

Problems related to the design and control of a mobile planetary vehicle to implement a systematic plan for the exploration of Mars are reported. Problem areas include: vehicle configuration, control, dynamics, systems and propulsion; systems analysis, terrain modeling and path selection; and chemical analysis of specimens. These tasks are summarized: vehicle model design, mathematical model of vehicle dynamics, experimental vehicle dynamics, obstacle negotiation, electrochemical controls, remote control, collapsibility and deployment, construction of a wheel tester, wheel analysis, payload design, system design optimization, effect of design assumptions, accessory optimal design, on-board computer subsystem, laser range measurement, discrete obstacle detection, obstacle detection systems, terrain modeling, path selection system simulation and evaluation, gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer system concepts, and chromatograph model evaluation and improvement

Experience of Smaller Nonprofits Raising Money from Minnesota's Largest Foundations.

Members of the Philanthropy Project, a coalition in 1985 of ninety Minnesota nonprofit organizations, were surveyed about their experiences in raising money from Minnesota's forty largest foundations in the years up to and including 1983. Results of the survey are presented here along with a number of recommendations that may prove useful for new, small nonprofit organizations.The Philanthropy Project

Minnesota Mailing List for Equal Opportunity Announcements and Advertisements.

How can one be sure that announcements or advertisements will reach minorities or other disadvantaged people living in Minnesota? This 1993 directory should help. It gives detailed information about newspapers and magazines whose primary audiences are: African American, American Indian, Asian American, Chicano/Latino/Hispanic, gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender, people with disabilities, seniors/older adults, veterans, and women. This is a new and updated version of the directory that was first published in 1991 and again includes mailing labels in the back of the book