Emic and Etic Perspectives on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women: Analysis of Media Coverage

The charts compiled here look into the anthropological concepts of ‘etic’ and ‘emic’ perspectives in Non-Indigenous Media (NIM) and Indigenous Media (IM) pertaining to the issue of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW). NIM presents this as being a problem of the other, ‘etic’, and by contrast IM has presented this issue as being a part of everyday life, ‘emic’ (Morris, et al., 1999). Data were collected from a sample of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous media sources from broadcast and on-line sources. The charts presented here use keywords found and cover Areas being Reported On, Remedies and Obstacles. Results indicate significant differences between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous media coverage of MMIW. It was found that NIM reported MMIW being on the reservation 66%, while IM reported that 91% were in urban areas. The Remedies found the keyword mentioned the most in NIM was Women Leaders 27%, while IM sited Honoring Women at 24%. The Obstacles found the keyword mentioned the most in NIM was the Lack of Response from Law Enforcement Officers 20%, and IM sited the lack of a law enforcement database and jurisdiction both at 19%. Overall, the differences between NIM and IM reflect socio-cultural differences between media professionals and could be contributing to the ways that Americans perceive this issue and public will for solutions. An opportunity exists for NIM and IM to perform a public service role by mentioning new protocols and toolkits for communities when an Indigenous Person is missing, as well as new policies and protocols for law enforcement officers

Roles, conflicts, and disclosures: American Sign Language/English interpreters’ adherence to best practices in legal settings

Interpreting in legal settings is a complex task in which multifaceted factors such as the setting, individuals involved, roles of those participating individuals, expanded ethical considerations, and the language of the legal system require specialization from the interpreter practitioner (Berk-Seligson, 2002; Mathers, 2007; Russell, 2000; Simon, 1993). There are many texts, workshops, and resources that promote best practices; however, only one study has been done related to the demographics of the interpreters who do legal interpreting work and their use of proposed best practices in the legal setting (Roberson, Russell, & Shaw, 2011). This research is designed to collect information about who is currently doing the work of legal interpreting and discover what their daily practice entails. An online survey was designed and disseminated to current signed language interpreters working in legal settings to ascertain demographic information and the frequency of certain circumstances arising in the course of their work. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis, this research discusses the demographics of the practitioners, including education, training, and background, as well explores inconsistencies in the way best practices are applied in daily practice, specifically conflicts and disclosures, interpreter roles, and the definition of legal interpreting. The results of this study provide a glimpse of the legal interpreting specialization as it currently stands and potential implications for future practice and study

Winter habitat use by mule deer in Idaho and Montana

Winter survival for species such as Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) depends on an energy conservation strategy where they use habitats at lower elevations and on south facing slopes with adequate thermal or canopy cover. However, not all mule deer habitats are equivalent in components or weather conditions, which contribute to differences in habitat use patterns and behavior among wintering populations. We examined winter habitat use by mule deer on the East Front of the Rocky Mountains, Montana and Warm Springs and Sink Creek, east-central Idaho to determine how weather and vegetation affect habitat use in different winter ranges. We used radiotelemetry to locate adult female mule deer and estimated microsite habitat conditions including wind speed, snow depth, percent cover of individual plant species, hiding cover, and canopy cover during winter 2010—2011. We compared data at deer locations to random locations across each study area using logistic regression, developing models based on pooled data for each study area, times of snow accumulation, and times of high wind speeds (for the East Front). We evaluated model fit using a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). Our final models indicated that deer use different habitat components on different winter ranges. On the East Front, a combination of landscape and weather variables predicted probability of deer use of areas. These included percent cover of trees, creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis), buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis), curly sedge (Carex rupestris), prairie sagewort (Artemisia frigida), whitemargin phlox (Phlox albomarginata), percent slope, snow depth, wind speed, and exposure to wind. These and additional covariates changed in magnitude depending upon weather conditions. Model covariates also changed depending on deer behavior. In Idaho, tall threetip sagebrush (A. tripartita tripartita) and phlox (Phlox spp.) were important predictors of mule deer habitat use, while tall threetip sagebrush and cumulative forbs predicted use of areas under snow conditions. Mule deer habitat use differed between Idaho study areas. In the Warm Springs study area, covariates related to foraging predicted habitat use whereas in Sink Creek, covariates related to thermal or hiding cover predicted habitat use. Differences among all 3 study areas indicate that deer use different habitat components under different winter conditions. Discrepancies among winter ranges are important considerations for habitat requirements of mule deer

Shared decision-making for children with medical complexity in community health services – a scoping review

Background Children with medical complexity is an increasing population whose parents and healthcare providers face multiple decisions. Shared decision-making is a process where patients, their families and healthcare providers collaborate to make decisions based on clinical evidence and informed preferences of the family. Shared decision-making has benefits for the child, family and healthcare providers, including improved parental understanding of the child’s difficulties, increased participation, improved coping skills and more efficient healthcare use. It is, however, poorly implemented. Aims and methods A scoping review was conducted to explore shared decision-making for children with medical complexity in community health services, including how shared decision-making is defined in research, how it is implemented, including barriers and facilitators and recommendations for research. Six databases were systematically searched for papers published in English up to May 2022: Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and sources of grey literature. The review is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews. Results Thirty sources met the inclusion criteria. Most factors can either be a facilitator or barrier to shared decision-making depending on the context. Two significant barriers to shared decision-making in this population include uncertainty about the child’s diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options and the presence of hierarchy and power imbalance during clinical encounters with healthcare providers. Further influencing factors include continuity of care, the availability of accurate, accessible, adequate, and balanced information and the interpersonal and communication skills of parents and healthcare providers. Conclusion Uncertainty about diagnosis, prognosis and treatment outcomes for children with medical complexity are additional challenges to the known barriers and facilitators to shared decision-making in community health services. Effective implementation of shared decision-making requires advancement of the evidence base for children with medical complexity, reducing power imbalance in clinical encounters, improving continuity of care, and improving the availability and accessibility of information resources

Estimating the numbers of malaria infections in blood samples using high-resolution genotyping data

People living in endemic areas often habour several malaria infections at once. High-resolution genotyping can distinguish between infections by detecting the presence of different alleles at a polymorphic locus. However the number of infections may not be accurately counted since parasites from multiple infections may carry the same allele. We use simulation to determine the circumstances under which the number of observed genotypes are likely to be substantially less than the number of infections present and investigate the performance of two methods for estimating the numbers of infections from high-resolution genotyping data.THE SIMULATIONS SUGGEST THAT THE PROBLEM IS NOT SUBSTANTIAL IN MOST DATASETS: the disparity between the mean numbers of infections and of observed genotypes was small when there was 20 or more alleles, 20 or more blood samples, a mean number of infections of 6 or less and where the frequency of the most common allele was no greater than 20%. The issue of multiple infections carrying the same allele is unlikely to be a major component of the errors in PCR-based genotyping.Simulations also showed that, with heterogeneity in allele frequencies, the observed frequencies are not a good approximation of the true allele frequencies. The first method that we proposed to estimate the numbers of infections assumes that they are a good approximation and hence did poorly in the presence of heterogeneity. In contrast, the second method by Li et al estimates both the numbers of infections and the true allele frequencies simultaneously and produced accurate estimates of the mean number of infections

MOSAIC: Teaching Cultural Competence

Emporia State University sponsors a weekend, off-site program, MOSAIC, where participants explore issues of identity development, privilege, social inequality, and discrimination - the tenants of cultural competency. MOSAIC helps participants enhance their worldview and a greater appreciation of cultural competence through a series of large and small group activities. By creating these experiences and opportunities, participants are more apt to work effectively in a variety of situations, with a mix of culturally diverse people such as those found on a college campus. By leveraging these skills the university community can be benefited to have better outcomes

O-linked glycosylation sites profiling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes tuberculosis, one of the leading causes of fatal infectious diseases worldwide. Cell–cell recognition between the pathogen Mtb and its host is mediated in part by glycosylated proteins. So far, glycoproteins in Mtb are understudied and for only very few glycoproteins glycosylation sites have been described, e.g., alanine and proline rich secreted protein apa, superoxide dismutase SODC, lipoprotein lpqH and MPB83/MPT83. In this study, glycosylated proteins in Mtb culture filtrate were investigated using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry approaches and bioinformatic analyses. To validate the presence of glycoproteins, several strategies were pursued including collision induced dissociation, high energy collision dissociation and electron transfer dissociation techniques, and bioinformatics analyses involving a neutral loss search for glycosylated moieties. After extensive data curation, we report glycosylation sites for thirteen Mtb glycoproteins using a combination of mass spectrometry techniques on a dataset collected from culture filtrate proteins. This is the first glycoproteomics study identifying glycosylation sites on mycobacterial culture filtrate proteins (CFP) on a global scale. Biological significance In this study, glycosylation sites in Mtb were characterized by collision-induced dissociation, electron-transfer dissociation and high energy collision dissociation techniques. The identification of glycosylation sites is important for our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of Mtb. Glycoproteins are often responsible for protein–protein interactions between host and pathogen and thus represent interesting targets for vaccine development. In addition, our strategy is not limited to Mtb, but could be extended to other organisms

Zika virus infection in the returning traveller: what every neurologist should know

Zika virus has been associated with a wide range of neurological complications. Neurologists in areas without current active transmission of the virus may be confronted with Zika-associated neurological disease, as a large number of returning travellers with Zika virus infection have been reported and the virus continues to spread to previously unaffected regions. This review provides an overview of Zika virus-associated neurological disease and aims to support neurologists who may encounter patients returning from endemic areas

The steady-state repertoire of human SCF Ubiquitin ligase complexes does not require ongoing Nedd8 conjugation

The human genome encodes 69 different F-box proteins (FBPs), each of which can potentially assemble with Skp1-Cul1-RING to serve as the substrate specificity subunit of an SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. SCF activity is switched on by conjugation of the ubiquitin- like protein Nedd8 to Cul1. Cycles of Nedd8 conjugation and deconjugation acting in conjunction with the Cul1-sequestering factor Cand1 are thought to control dynamic cycles of SCF assembly and disassembly, which would enable a dynamic equilibrium between the Cul1- RING catalytic core of SCF and the cellular repertoire of FBPs. To test this hypothesis, we determined the cellular composition of SCF complexes and evaluated the impact of Nedd8 conjugation on this steady-state. At least 42 FBPs assembled with Cul1 in HEK 293 cells, and the levels of Cul1-bound FBPs varied by over two orders of magnitude. Unexpectedly, quantitative mass spectrometry revealed that blockade of Nedd8 conjugation led to a modest increase, rather than a decrease, in the overall level of most SCF complexes. We suggest that multiple mechanisms including FBP dissociation and turnover cooperate to maintain the cellular pool of SCF ubiquitin ligases

Evaluation and Optimization of Mass Spectrometric Settings during Data-dependent Acquisition Mode: Focus on LTQ-Orbitrap Mass Analyzers

Mass-spectrometry-based proteomics has evolved as the preferred method for the analysis of complex proteomes. Undoubtedly, recent advances in mass spectrometry instrumentation have greatly enhanced proteomic analysis. A popular instrument platform in proteomics research is the LTQ-Orbitrap mass analyzer. In this tutorial, we discuss the significance of evaluating and optimizing mass spectrometric settings on the LTQ-Orbitrap during CID data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mode to improve protein and peptide identification rates. We focus on those MS and MS/MS parameters that have been systematically examined and evaluated by several researchers and are commonly used during DDA. More specifically, we discuss the effect of mass resolving power, preview mode for FTMS scan, monoisotopic precursor selection, signal threshold for triggering MS/MS events, number of microscans per MS/MS scan, number of MS/MS events, automatic gain control target value (ion population) for MS and MS/MS, maximum ion injection time for MS/MS, rapid and normal scan rate, and prediction of ion injection time. We furthermore present data from the latest generation LTQ-Orbitrap system, the Orbitrap Elite, along with recommended MS and MS/MS parameters. The Orbitrap Elite outperforms the Orbitrap Classic in terms of scan speed, sensitivity, dynamic range, and resolving power and results in higher identification rates. Several of the optimized MS parameters determined on the LTQ-Orbitrap Classic and XL were easily transferable to the Orbitrap Elite, whereas others needed to be reevaluated. Finally, the Q Exactive and HCD are briefly discussed, as well as sample preparation, LC-optimization, and bioinformatics analysis. We hope this tutorial will serve as guidance for researchers new to the field of proteomics and assist in achieving optimal results