5 research outputs found
Effect of moir\'e superlattice reconstruction in the electronic excitation spectrum of graphene-metal heterostructures
We have studied the electronic excitation spectrum in periodically rippled
graphene on Ru(0001) and flat, commensurate graphene on Ni(111) by means of
high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and a combination of density
functional theory and tight-binding approaches. We show that the periodic
moir\'e superlattice originated by the lattice mismatch in graphene/Ru(0001)
induces the emergence of an extra mode, which is not present in
graphene/Ni(111). Contrary to the ordinary intra-band plasmon of doped
graphene, the extra mode is robust in charge-neutral graphene/metal contacts,
having its origin in electron-hole inter-band transitions between van Hove
singularities that emerge in the reconstructed band structure, due to the
moir\'e pattern superlattice.Comment: Supplemental materials available at
http://www.theorphys.science.ru.nl/people/yuan
Spatially resolved electronic structure of twisted graphene
We have used scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy to resolve the
spatial variation of the density of states of twisted graphene layers on top of
a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite substrate. Owing to the twist a moire
pattern develops with a periodicity that is substantially larger than the
periodicity of a single layer graphene. The twisted graphene layer has
electronic properties that are distinctly different from that of a single layer
graphene due to the nonzero interlayer coupling. For small twist angles (about
1-3.5 degree) the integrated differential conductivity spectrum exhibits two
well-defined Van Hove singularities. Spatial maps of the differential
conductivity that are recorded at energies near the Fermi level exhibit a
honeycomb structure that is comprised of two inequivalent hexagonal
sub-lattices. For energies |E-E_F|>0.3 eV the hexagonal structure in the
differential conductivity maps vanishes. We have performed tight-binding
calculations of the twisted graphene system using the propagation method, in
which a third graphene layer is added to mimic the substrate. This third layer
lowers the symmetry and explains the development of the two hexagonal
sub-lattices in the moire pattern. Our experimental results are in excellent
agreement with the tight-binding calculations.Comment: To appear in Phys. Rev.
Cognitive and radiological effects of radiotherapy in patients with low-grade glioma: long-term follow-up
Background Our previous study on cognitive functioning among 195 patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) a mean of 6 years after diagnosis suggested that the tumour itself, rather than the radiotherapy used to treat it, has the most deleterious effect on cognitive functioning; only high fraction dose radiotherapy (>2 Gy) resulted in significant added cognitive deterioration. The present study assesses the radiological and cognitive abnormalities in survivors of LGG at a mean of 12 years after first diagnosis. Methods Patients who have had stable disease since the first assessment were invited for follow-up cognitive assessment (letter-Aigit substitution test, concept shifting test, Stroop colour-word test, visual verbal learning test, memory comparison test, and categoric word fluency). Compound scores in six cognitive domains (attention, executive functioning, verbal memory, working memory, psychomotor functioning, and information processing speed) were calculated to detect differences between patients who had radiotherapy and patients who did not have radiotherapy. White-matter hyperintensities and global cortical atrophy were rated on MRI scans. Findings 65 patients completed neuropsychological follow-up at a mean of 12 years (range 6-28 years). 32 (49%) patients had received radiotherapy (three had fraction doses >2 Gy). The patients who had radiotherapy had more deficits that affected attentional functioning at the second follow-up, regardless of fraction dose, than those who did not have radiotherapy (-1.6 [SD 2.41 vs -0.1 [1.3], p=0.003; mean difference 1.4, 95% CI 0.5-2-4). The patients who had radiotherapy also did worse in measures of executive fucntioning (-2.0 [3.7] vs -0.5 [1.2], p=0.03; mean difference 1.5, 0.2-2.9) and information processing speed (-2.0 [3.7] vs -0.6 [1.5], p=0.05; mean difference 0.8, 0.009-1.6]) between the two assessments. Furthermore, attentional. functioning deteriorated significantly between the first and second assessments in patients who had radiotherapy (p=0.25). In total, 17 (53%) patients who had radiotherapy developed cognitive disabilities deficits in at least five of 18 neuropsychological test parameters compared with four (27%) patients who were radiotherapy naive. White-matter hyperintensities and global cortical atrophy were associated with worse cognitive functioning in several domains. Interpretation Long-term survivors of LGG who did not have radiotherapy had stable radiological and cognitive status. By contrast, patients with low-grade glioma who received radiotherapy showed a progressive decline in attentional functioning, even those who received fraction doses that are regarded as safe ( <= 2 Gy). These cognitive deficits are associated with radiological abnormalities. Our results suggest that the risk of long-term cognitive and radiological compromise that is associated with radiotherapy should be considered when treatment is planned. Funding Kaptein Fonds; Schering Ploug