Department of risk engineering (cyber risk)

"March 2007""Department of risk engineering (cyber risk)"--Leaf [ix]Thesis (Ph. D. in Engineering)--University of Tsukuba, (A), no. 4274, 2007.3.23Includes bibliographical references (leaves [70]-82

Does Entitlement Card ensure Utilization of Urban Primary Healthcare Clinic in Bangladesh?

Background: Although Bangladesh substantial­ly reduced 40% maternal death in the last deca­des, it is still challenging, especially among the ur­ban poor. The achievements are not equitable bet­ween different economic quintiles and bet­ween the rich and the urban poor. This study aims to examine the extent to which the entitle­ment card affects the utilization of maternal and child health care and identifies other factors that influence MCH services.Subjects and Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the working areas of the Ur­ban Primary Healthcare Project (UPHCP) in Bang­ladesh. A two-stage cluster sampling tech­ni­que was used to select the participants. A total of 3,949 women aged 15-49 years, having at least one child aged two years or less were selected for this study. The data were collected through face-to-face inter­views. The data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression.Results: The proportion of utilization of UPH­CC was 49.9%. One-fourth (26.6%) of them fully utilized it and another 23.3% utilized it partially. Stepwise multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that those who had an Entitlement Card from the UPHC project were 11.75 times (95% CI= 9.481, 14.549; p= 0.001) more likely to fully Utilized and 3.64 times (95% CI= 3.643, 2.911; p= 0.001) likely be utilized partially compared to non-utilizer. Respondents having no formal edu­cation utilized UPHCC fully (AOR=2.32; 95% CI= 1.46, 3.68; p= 0.001) and partially (AOR= 1.76; 95% CI= 1.12, 2.77; p= 0.014) used UPHCC. It was 3.08 (95% CI= 2.03, 4.67; p= 0.001) times for fully and 2.71 (95% CI= 1.82, 4.04; p= 0.001) times for partially utilized UPHCC compared to non-users among the primary level of education. Small family size (≤4) and monthly family in­come in the range of BDT 10,000 above were likely to utilise UPHCC. However, non-Muslims were less likely to Utilized UPHCC.Conclusion: Apart from the entitlement card, other factors such as monthly income BDT> 10,000, small family size, no formal educated mo­ther appeared to be potential predictors for utilization of the Urban Primary Health care clinic.Keywords: entitlement card, maternal care, Utilization, urban primary healthcareCorrespondence: Md Mizanur Rahman. Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sa­rawak. Email: [email protected], [email protected] of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(2): 213-225https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.02.1

Does Entitlement Card ensure Utilization of Urban Primary Healthcare Clinic in Bangladesh?

Background:Although Bangladesh substantial-ly reduced 40% maternal death in the last deca-des, it is still challenging, especially among the urban poor. The achievements are not equitable between different economic quintiles and bet-ween the rich and the urban poor. This study aims to examine the extent to which the entitle-ment card affects the utilizationof maternal and child health care and identifies other factors that influence MCH services.Subjects and Method:This cross-sectional study was carried out in the working areas of the Urban Primary Healthcare Project (UPHCP) in Bangladesh. A two-stage cluster sampling techni-que was used to select the participants. Atotal of3,949 women aged 15-49 years, having at least one child aged two years or lesswere selected for this study. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews. The data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression.Results:The proportion of utilizationof UPHCC was 49.9%. One-fourth (26.6%) of them fully utilized it and another 23.3% utilized it partially. Stepwise multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that those who had an Entitlement Card from the UPHC project were 11.75 times (95% CI= 9.481, 14.549; p= 0.001) more likely to fully Utilized and 3.64 times (95% CI= 3.643, 2.911; p= 0.001) likely be utilized partially compared to non-utilizer. Respondents having no formal edu-cation utilized UPHCC fully (AOR=2.32; 95% CI= 1.46, 3.68; p= 0.001) and partially (AOR=1.76; 95% CI= 1.12, 2.77; p= 0.014) used UPHCC. It was 3.08 (95% CI= 2.03, 4.67; p= 0.001) times for fully and 2.71 (95% CI= 1.82, 4.04;p= 0.001) times for partially utilized UPHCC compared to non-users among the primary level of education. Small family size (≤4) and monthly family in-come in the range of BDT 10,000 above were likely to utilise UPHCC. However, non-Muslims were less likelyto Utilized UPHCC.Conclusion:Apart from the entitlement card, other factors such as monthly income BDT>10,000, small family size, no formal educated mother appeared to be potential predictors for utilizationof the Urban Primary Health care clinic

Determinants of Smoking Behaviour Among Secondary School Students in Bangladesh

Despite established country’s tobacco control law, cigarette smoking by the young people and the magnitude of nicotine dependence among the students is alarming in Bangladesh. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of smoking and factors influencing it among the secondary school students. A two-stage cluster sampling was used for selection of schools with probability proportional to enrollment size followed by stratified random sampling of government and private schools. The 70-item questionnaire included ‘core GYTS’ (Global Youth Tobacco Survey) and other additional questions were used to collect relevant information. Analysis showed that the prevalence of smoking was 12.3% among boys and 4.5% among girls, respectively. The mean age at initiation of smoking was 10.8 years with standard deviation of 2.7 years. Logistic regression analysis revealed that boys are 2.282 times likely to smoked than girls and it was 1.786 times higher among the students aged 16 years and above than their younger counterparts. Smoking by teachers appeared to be the strong predictor for students smoking behaviour (OR 2.206, 95% CI: 1.576, 3.088) followed by peer influence (OR 1.988, 95% CI: 1.178, 3.356). Effective smoking prevention program should to be taken to reduce smoking behaviour. The school curricula had less impact in preventing smoking except teacher’s smoking behaviour

Pair-wise Cryptographic Models for Secure Data Exchange in P2P Database Management Systems

A peer-to-peer database management system(P2PDBMS) is a collection of autonomous data sources, called peers. In this system each peer augments a conventional database management system with an inter-operability layer (i.e. mappings/policies) for sharing data and services. Peers exchange data in a pair-wise fashion on-the-fly in response to a query without any centralized control. Generally, the communication link between two peers is insecure and peers create a temporary session while exchanging data. When peers exchange highly confidential data between them over an insecure communication network, such as the Internet, the data might be trapped and disclosed by the intruders. In a P2PDBMS there is no centralized control for data exchange, hence we cannot assume any central third party security infrastructure (e.g. PKI) to protect confidential data. So far, there is currently no available/existing security protocol for secured data exchange in P2PDBMS. In this paper we propose three models for secure data exchange in P2PDBMSs and the corresponding security protocols. The proposed protocol allows the peers to compute their secret session keys dynamically during data exchange based on the policies between them. Our proposed protocol is robust against the man-in-the middle attack, the masquerade attack, and the reply attack

ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTINOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF ‘KHOYER’ PREPARED FROM BOILING THE WOOD OF ACACIA CATECHU IN WATER

‘Khoyer’ is prepared by boiling the wood of Acacia catechu in water and then evaporating the resultant brew. The resultant hard material is powdered and chewed with betel leaves and lime with or without tobacco by a large number of the people of Bangladesh as an addictive psycho-stimulating and euphoria-inducing formulation. There are folk medicinal claims that khoyer helps in the relief of pain and is also useful to diabetic patients to maintain normal sugar levels. Thus far no scientific studies have evaluated the antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive effects of khoyer. The present study was carried out to evaluate the possible glucose tolerance efficacy of methanolic extracts of khoyer using glucose-induced hyperglycemic mice, and antinociceptive effects with acetic acid-induced gastric pain models in mice. In antihyperglycemic activity tests, the extract at different doses was administered one hour prior to glucose administration and blood glucose level was measured after two hours of glucose administration (p.o.) using glucose oxidase method. The statistical data indicated the significant oral hypoglycemic activity on glucose-loaded mice at all doses of the extracts tested. Maximum anti-hyperglycemic activity was shown at 400 mg extract per kg body weight, which was slightly less than that of a standard drug, glibenclamide (10 mg/kg body weight). In antinociceptive activity tests, the extract also demonstrated a dose-dependent significant reduction in the number of writhings induced in mice through intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid. Maximum antinociceptive activity was observed at a dose of 400 mg extract per kg body weight, which was greater than that of a standard antinociceptive drug, aspirin, when administered at a dose of 400 mg per kg body weight. The results validate the folk medicinal use of the plant for reduction of blood sugar in diabetic patients as well as the folk medicinal use for alleviation of pain