222 research outputs found
Central bank policy under significant balance-of-payment shocks and structural shifts
In this paper, we analyze a number of monetary and FX policy alternatives using the model of a small open oil-exporting economy hit by severe balance-of-payment shocks, such as those that simultaneously affected the Russian economy in 2014-2015. For our purposes, we modify Romer's (2013) IS-MP general equilibrium model by adding a structure similar to the Russian economy (tradables and oil vs. non-tradables). In the model, we consider an optimal policy mix that includes a floating exchange rate, FX liquidity provision by a central bank and temporary tightening of monetary policy. The flexible exchange rate works as a shock absorber, helping restore aggregate demand and domestic production. If inflation expectations are not anchored, contractionary monetary policy helps to stabilize them. Financial stability risks are addressed by lending FX liquidity to the banking sector
Formal Controller Synthesis from Specifications Given by Discrete-Time Hybrid Automata
This paper deals with formal controller synthesis for discrete-time dynamical systems. For a specification under the form of a discrete-time hybrid automaton, we aim at synthesizing controllers such that the trajectories of the closed-loop system are also trajectories of the hybrid automaton. We first show that the existence of an alternating simulation relation from the specification to the open-loop system is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such controllers. Then, we propose an approach based on the use of symbolic (i.e. finite-state) abstractions of both the system and the specification. Effective computations are discussed for systems that are monotone and for specifications given by piecewise affine hybrid automata. We extend our approach to handle specifications with additional safety or reachability requirements. Finally, we illustrate our approach with examples from autonomous vehicle control
Comparative characteristics of cytokine regulation in patients with gastric diseases associated with <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection
When the body is infected with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, a cytokine cascade is launched, which plays a key role in the progression of chronic inflammatory and destructive processes in the gastric mucosa. Thus, the secretion of a number of cytokines is stimulated, which in turn contribute to the attraction of immunocompetent cells and the development of inflammatory changes. However, hyperproduction of cytokines can lead to atrophic changes in the gastric mucosa and, as a result, degeneration into gastric cancer. Thus, the role of cytokines in precancerous conditions is ambiguous. On the one hand, they activate the immune response aimed at eliminating the pathogen. On the other hand, they themselves contribute to the progression of the disease.The complex clinical and laboratory study included patients: 60 with chronic gastritis (CG), 55 with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), 50 with gastric cancer (GC, stage I-II, morphological variant β adenocarcinoma) and 60 β control group. The diagnoses were verified according to international and Russian recommendations and confirmed by laboratory and instrumental studies. All patients were comparable in terms of gender and age characteristics (p > 0.05). All patients had specific IgG to H. pylori. The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the FRC KSC SB RAS (protocol No. 11 dated November 11, 2013). All ethical requirements were observed, and the patients signed the informed consent form for participation. Patients and persons of the control group underwent a single blood sampling from the cubital vein upon admission to vacutainers with heparin.The levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, TNFΞ±, interferon-Ξ³ in the blood serum of patients and healthy individuals were determined using the enzyme immunoassay method using reagent kits manufactured by JSC βVectorBestβ. Statistical data processing was carried out using the Statistica for Windows 8.0 application package.All patients with H. pylori-associated diseases (CG, CAG, GC) showed an increase in pro-inflammatory (IL-2, IL-8, IFNΞ³) with a significant increase in IL-8 in all patients and IFNΞ³ in gastric cancer and antiinflammatory cytokine (IL-4) with a maximum value in gastric cancer. A combined Th1 and Th2 is found β a mediated immune response with a maximum violation of cytokine regulation in gastric cancer
Religious Conversion as a Reality of the Modern Social Universe
Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ 15.06.2024; ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ 30.06.2024; ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ 15.07.2024.The article was submitted 15.06.2024; approved after reviewing 30.06.2024; accepted for publication 15.07.2024.Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°.The scientific article presents the results of the anthropological study of religious conversion in the forecast on the religious scene in contemporary Kazakhstani society. Existing Western, Russian and Kazakh methods of studying religious conversion in the universum realities of modernity are reviewed. The analysis of samples of religious conversion allowed us to analyze the basic trends of conversion in Kazakhstani society with elaboration of the authorβs original attitudes. Destructive forms of religious conversion are investigated, proposals orienting citizens to peaceful resolution of conflicts are drawn up. The article is aimed at religious scholars, theologians, students, civil servants focused on involvement in the study of this phenomenon
ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ’Π Π ΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π£ ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠ«Π₯ Π₯Π ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ Π Π₯Π ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠ’Π ΠΠ€ΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π ΠΠ’ΠΠ
Helicobacter pylori is one of the common causes of chronic gastritis. In our study, we studied the indicators of cellular immunity in patients with chronic gastritis and chronic atrophic gastritis in the background of Helicobacter pylori infection. Patients with atrophic gastritis of the body of the stomach were recorded changes in the immune status, manifested in the development of secondary immunodeficiency.Helicobacter pylori ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ². Π Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Helicobacter pylori ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π£ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²
Invasive diseases of horses are an urgent problem in the horse breeding industry of the Republic of Belarus, as well as in the near and far abroad countries. The main role among the parasitic pathology is occupied by helminths of the small and large intestine, as well as larvae of gasterophilus. In associative course, they are the cause of significant economic losses associated with the growth and development of sick young animals, reduced performance, endurance of animals, increased susceptibility to other diseases, and even the death of animals. Planned therapeutic and preventive measures using broad-spectrum anthelmintics is a priority measure to reduce economic damage in development of the horse breeding industry. The paper provides data on spread of parasitoses of gastrointestinal tract in horses in the Republic of Belarus during period of 2004-2020. The paper presents the species composition of horse parasites localized in the stomach, small and large intestines. Data on extensiveness and intensity of invasions of horses by parasitocenosis of digestive tract in terms of age are presented. Therapeutic efficiency of antiparasitic drugs of various pharmacological groups in mono- and polyinfestations of gastrointestinal tract of horses are studied. High extensibility of Avermectin series preparations (Avermectin paste 1 %, Rivertin 1 %) has been determined for nematodes of gastrointestinal tract of horses and gastrointestinal disease. High efficiency has been obtained from a new complex antiparasitic preparation for horses βPrazimaxβ in mono- and polyinfestations caused by parasites of gastrointestinal tract, including nematodes of the small and large intestines, larvae of gasterophilus and Anoplocephala perfoliata cestodes. Data on spread of associative course of parasitocenoses of the digestive tract of horses, age and seasonal dynamics will allow veterinary specialists to make timely diagnosis, conduct differential diagnostics, determine the optimal timing of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive treatments, taking into account the specifics of parasitocenosis.ΠΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΡΡ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π³Π΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π³Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΈΠΌΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ±Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ 2004β2020 Π³Π³. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΉ, Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎ- ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° (Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ° 1 %, ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½ 1 %, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠΌ) ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π³Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π·Π΅. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΉ Β«ΠΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΒ» ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎ- ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡ
, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π³Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Anoplocephala perfoliata. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°
Ozone and nitrogen dioxide above the northern Tien Shan
The results of systematic perennial measurements of the total ozone (since 1979) and nitrogen dioxide column (since 1983) in the atmosphere in the European-Asian continent center above the mountainmass of the Tien Shan are given. This region is distinguished by a great number of sunny days during a year. The observation station is at the Northern shore of Issyk Kul Lake (42.56 N 77.04 E 1650 m above the sea level). The measurement results are presented as the monthly averaged atmospheric total ozone and NO2 stratospheric column abundances (morning and evening). The peculiarities of seasonal variations of ozone and nitrogen dioxide atmospheric contents, their regular variances with a quasi-biennial cycles and trends have been noticed. Irregular variances of ozone and nitrogen dioxide atmospheric contents, i.e. their positive and negative anomalies in the monthly averaged contents relative to the perennial averaged monthly means, have been analyzed. The synchronous and opposite in phase anomalies in variations of ozone and nitrogen dioxide atmospheric contents were explained by the transport and zonal circulation in the stratosphere (Kamenogradsky et al., 1990)
A commodity exporting economy under financial and trade restrictions: Aggregate and structural changes
We study the situation when a commodity-exporting economy is under sanctions and cannot use its accumulated fx-reserves or attract new fx-debt to smooth import restrictions amid slower decline of income flow from a commodity-export. Our study attempts to determine the adequate response of the economy, depending on assumptions about the possibilities of import substitution within a structural dynamic general equilibrium model calibrated on Russian data. We use a modified version of the RamseyβCassβKoopmansβ model to evaluate aggregate and structural changes in the economy in the shorter and longer run. We consider several scenarios with different assumptions about the efficiency of import substitution, which is defined along two dimensions (for consumers as well as for producers). The results show that trade restrictions make import substitution optimal, but only in those sectors where such substitution is relatively more effective. Limited labour resources in the economy are compensated with higher capital intensity of production in the optimistic and neutral scenarios. Reallocation of resources to build up the necessary capital intensity calls for temporarily higher saving rates. As a result, GDP may be higher, but consumption may be lower comparing to the baseline. The results mean that effectiveness of import substitution should be taken into account in decision making on industrial policy. If efficiency of import-substitution is asymmetric and biased to goods for final consumption relative to goods for investments, the structure of imported goods becomes biased to the latter. The results imply higher relative price of consumer goods
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