International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Tussen verbeelding en beleving: de stad in de negentiende-eeuwse literatuur

Negentiende-eeuwers hadden het niet bepaald gemakkelijk om hun eigen steden te begrijpen. Hoe kon het ook anders: industrialisering, technologische vooruitgang en verhoogde mobiliteit veranderden de toenmalige leefruimte in een onwaarschijnlijk tempo. Dat bracht bruuske perspectiefwijzigingen teweeg en steeds veranderende belevingen van de ruimte die op hun beurt weer tot tal van uitdagingen, maar ook spanningen en paradoxen leidden. Werd de stad de ene keer met vrijheid, rijkdom, spektakel en artistieke inspiratie geassocieerd, de andere keer merkte men slechts de ongezondheid, de eenzaamheid, de zedeloosheid en de herrie ervan op. In dit boek gaan historici en literatuurwetenschappers op zoek naar deze complexe beleving van de stedelijke ruimte in de negentiende eeuw. Door zowel het gedrag als de teksten van eigentijdse literatoren centraal te stellen biedt deze publicatie nieuwe inzichten in de negentiende-eeuwse spektakel- en amusementscultuur, in de relatie tussen stad en natuur en de omgang met stedelijk erfgoed

Tussen beleving en verbeelding. De stad in de negentiende-eeuwse literatuur

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Contribution of repeated infections in asthma persistence from preschool to school age: Design and characteristics of the PreDicta cohort

Background: The PreDicta cohort was designed to prospectively evaluate wheeze/asthma persistence in preschoolers in association with viral/microbial exposures and immunological responses. We present the cohort design and demographic/disease characteristics and evaluate unsupervised and predefined phenotypic subgroups at inclusion. Methods: PreDicta is a 2-year prospective study conducted in five European regions, including children 4-6 years with a diagnosis of asthma as cases and healthy age-matched controls. At baseline, detailed information on demographics, asthma and allergy-related disease activity, exposures, and lifestyle were recorded. Lung function, airway inflammation, and immune responses were also assessed. Power analysis confirmed that the cohort is adequate to answer the initial hypothesis. Results: A total of 167 asthmatic children (102 males) and 66 healthy controls (30 males) were included. Groups were homogeneous in respect to most baseline characteristics, with the exception of male gender in cases (61%) and exposure to tobacco smoke. Comorbidities and number and duration of infections were significantly higher in asthmatics than controls. 55.7% of asthmatic children had at least one positive skin prick test to aeroallergens (controls: 33.3%, P =.002). Spirometric and exhaled nitric oxide values were within normal limits; only baseline FEV0.5 and FEV1 reversibility values were significantly different between groups. Viral infections were the most common triggers (89.2%) independent of severity, control, or atopy; however, overlapping phenotypes were also common. Severity and control clustered together in an unsupervised analysis, separating moderate from mild disease. Conclusions: The PreDicta cohort presented no differences in non-asthma related measures; however, it is well balanced regarding key phenotypic characteristics representative of “preschool asthma”. © 2018 EAACI and John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd