Market and policy-oriented incentives to provide animal welfare: The case of tail biting

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The timing and treatment of tail biting in fattening pigs

The victims of TB have a reduced growth potential. In addition, victims of TB have reduced growth rate. The victims are likely to suffer more frequently from other health disordes than pigs with non-bitten tails. Tail biting was often preceded by leg disorders and followed by reduced appetite, which may be associated with reduced growth rate of victims of tail biting. The costs of TB were particularly heavy when medication was needed and when the fattening of the victims could not be continued as planned. As TB behaves like an epidemic, immediate response to tail biting is important to prevent further cases and economic damage

”Mun tarina olis eri näkönen ja erilainen jos ois puututtu” : vapautuneiden vankien kertomuksia kohtaamisista ja sosiaalityöstä elämänkulun aikana

Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan vapautuneiden vankien kertomuksia kohtaamisista ja sosiaalityöstä elämänkulun aikana ennen vankilaa, vankeusrangaistuksen aikana ja vapautumisen jälkeen. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on ollut selvittää, onko kohtaamisia sosiaalityöntekijöiden tai muiden sosiaalialan ammattilaisten kanssa ollut, mistä sosiaalityön tuki on koostunut, millä tavoin sosiaalityö on auttanut selviytymään eteenpäin elämässä, mitä sosiaalityön tuen puuttuminen on tarkoittanut ja mitä on ollut onnistunut tuki. Tutkimuksessa pohdimme myös haastateltavien identiteettien rakentumista elämänkulun aikana sekä erilaisia käännekohtia heidän elämässään. Tarkastelemme sosiaalityön, erityisesti aikuissosiaalityön ja vankilasosiaalityön luonnetta ja erityispiirteitä. Sosiaalityötä tarkastellaan ennen muuta arkielämän sujuvuuden ylläpitäjänä sekä hyvinvoinnin ja elämänhallinnan edistäjänä. Tutkielmassa korostuu sosiaalityön tavoite vähentää eriarvoisuutta ja turvata tasa-arvoinen kohtelu. Lisäksi olemme hyödyntäneet tutkimuksessamme elämänkulun, identiteetin ja desistanssin eli rikollisuudesta irrottautumisen käsitteitä. Tutkimukseen osallistui kuusi vapautunutta vankia. Tutkielma on toteutettu narratiivisena tutkimuksena, joka mahdollistaa kokemusten kertomisen tarinoiden kautta. Kerronnallisen haastattelun keinoin kerätty aineisto koostui haastateltavien elämäntarinoista. Aineiston analyysimenetelmänä on käytetty sisällönanalyysia. Tutkimuksen keskeiset tulokset osoittavat, että haastateltavilla on elämänsä aikana ollut joitakin merkittäviä kohtaamisia sosiaalialan työntekijöiden kanssa. Sosiaalityön tuki on ollut haastateltavien elämässä lähinnä koulusosiaalityön, lastensuojelun ja aikuissosiaalityön ml. vankilasosiaalityön tarjoamaa tukea. Koulun ja lastensuojelun tarjoama tuki näyttäytyi melko vähäisenä. Aikuissosiaalityössä korostui taloudellinen tai asumiseen liittyvä tuki. Haastateltavat pitivät yhteisökuntoutusta vaikuttavimpana sosiaalityön tukimuotona vankilasosiaalityössä. Erityisesti se koettiin hyödyllisenä tukimuotona siinä vaiheessa elämää, kun rikollisuudesta oltiin irrottautumassa. Haastateltavat kertoivat, että sosiaalista tukea ei ole aina ollut saatavilla niissä tilanteissa, joissa sitä olisi tarvittu. Rikollisuudesta irrottautuminen sekä päihteidenkäytön lopettaminen olivat haastateltavien elämässä niitä käännekohtia, jotka muuttivat heidän elämänkulkuaan eniten ja mahdollistivat uuden alun elämässä. Haastattelukohtaamisissa haastateltavat kertoivat tarinoita elämästään ja pohtivat oman elämänkulun rakentumista. Rikollinen elämä ei kaikille merkinnyt samoja asioita eikä rikollisuudella ollut samanlaista roolia jokaisen haastateltavan identiteettiin liittyvissä pohdinnoissa. Haastateltavat myönsivät, että ns. rikollisen identiteetti on niin vahva, että rikollisuudesta irrottautuminen on vaikeaa, jos ei ole tarjolla mitään muuta. Haastateltavien kertomukset voidaan nähdä selviytymistarinoina, joista välittyy usko siihen, että vaikeista elämäntilanteista voi selvitä ja elämänkulussa voi tapahtua sellaisia käännekohtia, jotka mahdollistavat muutoksen

Is there a need for neoadjuvant short-course radiotherapy in T3 rectal cancer with positive lymph node involvement? A single-center retrospective cohort study

Background Neoadjuvant short-course radiotherapy is used to reduce local recurrences in stage III rectal cancer. Radiotherapy is not harmless, and meticulous total mesorectal excision surgery alone has been reported to result in low local recurrence rate in favorable stage III tumors. The aim was to evaluate the effect of short-course (5 x 5 Gy) radiotherapy on the local recurrence risk in patients with pT3N1-2 rectal cancer. Materials and methods This was a retrospective study with 151 consecutive pT3N1-2M0 rectal cancer patients operated on at Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, during January 2005 to June 2014. Short-course radiotherapy was given to 94 patients, and 57 patients were operated on without neoadjuvant radiotherapy. The main outcome measurement was the effect of radiotherapy on local recurrence. Also, the risk factors for local recurrence were analyzed. Results Local recurrence occurred in a total 17 of 151 (11.3%) patients, 8 of 57 (14.0%) in surgery only group compared with 9 of 94 (9.6%) in radiotherapy plus surgery group (p = 0.44). In univariate Cox regression analysis, the risk factors for local recurrence were tumor location under 6 cm from the anal verge (p = 0.01), involved lateral margin (p <0.001), tumor perforation (p <0.001), and mucinous histology (p = 0.006). In multivariate analysis, risk factors were tumor location under 6 cm from anal verge (p = 0.03) and involved lateral margin (p = 0.002). Conclusion Neoadjuvant short-course radiotherapy did not affect the local recurrence risk of pT3N1-2M0 rectal cancer. Further studies with larger patient number are needed to evaluate the role of short-course radiotherapy in different T3 subgroups (3a-c) as well as in N1 and N2 cancers in separate.Peer reviewe

No Difference in Penetrance between Truncating and Missense/Aberrant Splicing Pathogenic Variants in MLH1 and MSH2: A Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database Study

Background. Lynch syndrome is the most common genetic predisposition for hereditary cancer. Carriers of pathogenic changes in mismatch repair (MMR) genes have an increased risk of developing colorectal (CRC), endometrial, ovarian, urinary tract, prostate, and other cancers, depending on which gene is malfunctioning. In Lynch syndrome, differences in cancer incidence (penetrance) according to the gene involved have led to the stratification of cancer surveillance. By contrast, any differences in penetrance determined by the type of pathogenic variant remain unknown. Objective. To determine cumulative incidences of cancer in carriers of truncating and missense or aberrant splicing pathogenic variants of the MLH1 and MSH2 genes. Methods. Carriers of pathogenic variants of MLH1 (path_MLH1) and MSH2 (path_MSH2) genes filed in the Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database (PLSD) were categorized as truncating or missense/aberrant splicing according to the InSiGHT criteria for pathogenicity. Results. Among 5199 carriers, 1045 had missense or aberrant splicing variants, and 3930 had truncating variants. Prospective observation years for the two groups were 8205 and 34,141 years, respectively, after which there were no significant differences in incidences for cancer overall or for colorectal cancer or endometrial cancers separately. Conclusion. Truncating and missense or aberrant splicing pathogenic variants were associated with similar average cumulative incidences of cancer in carriers of path MLH1 and path_MSH2.Peer reviewe

DNA methylation changes and somatic mutations as tumorigenic events in Lynch syndrome-associated adenomas retaining mismatch repair protein expression

Background: DNA mismatch repair (MMR) defects are a major factor in colorectal tumorigenesis in Lynch syndrome (LS) and 15% of sporadic cases. Some adenomas from carriers of inherited MMR gene mutations have intact MMR protein expression implying other mechanisms accelerating tumorigenesis. We determined roles of DNA methylation changes and somatic mutations in cancer-associated genes as tumorigenic events in LS-associated colorectal adenomas with intact MMR. Methods: We investigated 122 archival colorectal specimens of normal mucosae, adenomas and carcinomas from 57 LS patients. MMR-deficient (MMR-D, n 49) and MMR-proficient (MMR-P, n 18) adenomas were of particular interest and were interrogated by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and Ion Torrent sequencing. Findings: Promoter methylation of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-associated marker genes and selected colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) increased and LINE-1 methylation decreased from normal mucosa to MMR-P adenomas to MMR-D adenomas. Methylation differences were statistically significant when either adenoma group was compared with normal mucosa, but not between MMR-P and MMR-D adenomas. Significantly increased methylation was found in multiple CIMP marker genes (1612, NEUROGI,CRABP1, and CDKN2A) and TSGs (SERPI and SFRP2) in MMR-P adenomas already. Furthermore, certain CRC-associated somatic mutations, such as KRAS, were prevalent in MMR-P adenomas. Interpretation: We conclude that DNA methylation changes and somatic mutations of cancer-associated genes might serve as an alternative pathway accelerating LS-associated tumorigenesis in the presence of proficient MMR. Fund: Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, Academy of Finland, Cancer Foundation Finland, Sigrid juselius Foundation, and HiL1FE. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Colorectal cancer incidences in Lynch syndrome : a comparison of results from the prospective lynch syndrome database and the international mismatch repair consortium

Objective To compare colorectal cancer (CRC) incidences in carriers of pathogenic variants of the MMR genes in the PLSD and IMRC cohorts, of which only the former included mandatory colonoscopy surveillance for all participants. Methods CRC incidences were calculated in an intervention group comprising a cohort of confirmed carriers of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in mismatch repair genes (path_MMR) followed prospectively by the Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database (PLSD). All had colonoscopy surveillance, with polypectomy when polyps were identified. Comparison was made with a retrospective cohort reported by the International Mismatch Repair Consortium (IMRC). This comprised confirmed and inferred path_MMR carriers who were first- or second-degree relatives of Lynch syndrome probands. Results In the PLSD, 8,153 subjects had follow-up colonoscopy surveillance for a total of 67,604 years and 578 carriers had CRC diagnosed. Average cumulative incidences of CRC in path_MLH1 carriers at 70 years of age were 52% in males and 41% in females; for path_MSH2 50% and 39%; for path_MSH6 13% and 17% and for path_PMS2 11% and 8%. In contrast, in the IMRC cohort, corresponding cumulative incidences were 40% and 27%; 34% and 23%; 16% and 8% and 7% and 6%. Comparing just the European carriers in the two series gave similar findings. Numbers in the PLSD series did not allow comparisons of carriers from other continents separately. Cumulative incidences at 25 years were < 1% in all retrospective groups. Conclusions Prospectively observed CRC incidences (PLSD) in path_MLH1 and path_MSH2 carriers undergoing colonoscopy surveillance and polypectomy were higher than in the retrospective (IMRC) series, and were not reduced in path_MSH6 carriers. These findings were the opposite to those expected. CRC point incidence before 50 years of age was reduced in path_PMS2 carriers subjected to colonoscopy, but not significantly so.Peer reviewe

Associations of Pathogenic Variants in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 With Risk of Colorectal Adenomas and Tumors and With Somatic Mutations in Patients With Lynch Syndrome

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Lynch syndrome is caused by variants in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes and associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). In patients with Lynch syndrome, CRCs can develop via different pathways. We studied associations between Lynch syndrome-associated variants in MMR genes and risks of adenoma and CRC and somatic mutations in APC and CTNNB1 in tumors in an international cohort of patients. METHODS: We combined clinical and molecular data from 3 studies. We obtained clinical data from 2747 patients with Lynch syndrome associated with variants in MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6 from Germany, the Netherlands, and Finland who received at least 2 surveillance colonoscopies and were followed for a median time of 7.8 years for development of adenomas or CRC. We performed DNA sequence analyses of 48 colorectal tumors (from 16 patients with mutations in MLH1, 29 patients with mutations in MSH2, and 3 with mutations in MSH6) for somatic mutations in APC and CTNNB1. RESULTS: Risk of advanced adenoma in 10 years was 17.8% in patients with pathogenic variants in MSH2 vs 7.7% in MLH1 (P <.001). Higher proportions of patients with pathogenic variants in MLH1 or MSH2 developed CRC in 10 years (11.3% and 11.4%) than patients with pathogenic variants in MSH6 (4.7%) (P = .001 and P = .003 for MLH1 and MSH2 vs MSH6, respectively). Somatic mutations in APC were found in 75% of tumors from patients with pathogenic variants in MSH2 vs 11% in MLH1 (P = .015). Somatic mutations in CTNNB1 were found in 50% of tumors from patients with pathogenic variants in MLH1 vs 7% in MSH2 (P = .002). None of the 3 tumors with pathogenic variants in MSH6 had a mutation in CTNNB1, but all had mutations in APC. CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of clinical and DNA sequence data from patients with Lynch syndrome from 3 countries, we associated pathogenic variants in MMR genes with risk of adenoma and CRC, and somatic mutations in APC and CTNNB1 in colorectal tumors. If these findings are confirmed, surveillance guidelines might be adjusted based on MMR gene variants.Peer reviewe