Adjacency Matrix Based Energy Efficient Scheduling using S-MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Communication is the main motive in any Networks whether it is Wireless Sensor Network, Ad-Hoc networks, Mobile Networks, Wired Networks, Local Area Network, Metropolitan Area Network, Wireless Area Network etc, hence it must be energy efficient. The main parameters for energy efficient communication are maximizing network lifetime, saving energy at the different nodes, sending the packets in minimum time delay, higher throughput etc. This paper focuses mainly on the energy efficient communication with the help of Adjacency Matrix in the Wireless Sensor Networks. The energy efficient scheduling can be done by putting the idle node in to sleep node so energy at the idle node can be saved. The proposed model in this paper first forms the adjacency matrix and broadcasts the information about the total number of existing nodes with depths to the other nodes in the same cluster from controller node. When every node receives the node information about the other nodes for same cluster they communicate based on the shortest depths and schedules the idle node in to sleep mode for a specific time threshold so energy at the idle nodes can be saved.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures, 14 tables, 5 equations, International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC),March 2012, Volume 4, No. 2, March 201

Convective precipitation simulated with ICON over heterogeneous surfaces in dependence on model and land-surface resolution

The impact of land-surface properties like vegetation, soil type and soil moisture, and the orography on the atmosphere is manifold. On the one hand, these features determine the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer, in particular, the convective conditions and further the exchange of mass, momentum, heat, and humidity with the free troposphere. Subsequently, the land surface also influences the pre-convective environment. On the other hand, land-surface heterogeneity results in the spatial variability of the land-surface parameters, which often leads to thermally-induced circulations and associated convergence zones in the convective boundary layer. These, in turn, act as trigger mechanisms for convective clouds and precipitation. That means in simulations, the distribution and amount of clouds and subsequent precipitation depend on the resolution of land-surface and model grid spacing ($\Delta_h$) alike. Therefore, the focus of the study is to (i) compare areal mean precipitation for different model grid spacings and land-surface resolutions, (ii) analyse reasons for their differences, (iii) investigate spatial precipitation patterns, and describe relevant trigger mechanisms of convection. The impact of model grid spacing and land-surface resolution on convective precipitation is investigated within the framework of the \hdcp project (High Definition Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction). For that purpose, geographical areas with different types of complexity in the orography and considerable number density of lightning strikes (deep convection) are selected. The areas are: the flat terrain near Berlin (A1), the isolated Harz mountain range in central Germany (A2), and the complex terrain, the Black Forest mountains (A3). Six suitable days with weak large-scale forcing but a considerable number of lightning strikes are chosen. \ac{ICON} simulations in large eddy model setup have been performed using six model grid spacings: \ac{NWP} mode ($\Delta_{5000\,m}$, $\Delta_{2500\,m}$), LES mode ($\Delta_{1250\,m}$, $\Delta_{625\,m}$, $\Delta_{312\,m}$ and $\Delta_{156\,m}$) in a nested domain setup (control runs). The $\Delta_{156\,m}$ control run is the reference run. The impact of land-surface resolution on areal mean precipitation and precipitation patterns has been deduced by reducing the resolution of land-surface properties, e.g. vegetation, soil type, and the orography. The differences in simulated areal mean precipitation are explained through heat and moisture budget calculations. Variations in the precipitation patterns are analysed by investigating relevant triggering mechanisms. The source regions of the convective precipitation are identified by applying a backward trajectory model. To diagnose the turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes at the Earth’s surface in the source regions of convection, their dependence on parameters like orography, soil moisture index, transpiration area index, and net radiation is determined using the standardised multiple regression techniques. The results show that the areal mean accumulated precipitation amount for most of the cases decreases systematically across the LES grid spacings from $\Delta_{1250\,m}$ to $\Delta_{156\,m}$. The relative precipitation difference normalised by the precipitation in the reference run is in the range of -26 to 400 \% with the 75th percentile of 155 \%. In four out of the six days, $\Delta_{1250\,m}$ results in intenser precipitation patterns and an earlier onset of precipitation by 1 to 2 hours in comparison to the reference run. The modification of land-surface resolution from 156 m to 1250 m leads to variability in the mean precipitation in the range of 17 to 37 \% with the 75th percentile of 7 \% which increases to a range of -17 to 49 \% and the 75th percentile of 22 \% with the land-surface resolution of 5000 m. The land-surface sensitivity experiments show a negligible impact on the onset time of precipitation and the precipitation patterns. Thus, the modification in land-surface resolution results in much smaller variability in the areal mean precipitation amount in comparison to the model grid spacing. To understand the differences of areal mean accumulated precipitation and onset of precipitation between the control runs, the heat and moisture budgets are analysed in detail for one day, for which the relative difference in the mean precipitation by $\Delta_{1250\,m}$ and $\Delta_{156\,m}$ is $\simeq$175 \%. Unlike $\Delta_{1250\,m}$, $\Delta_{156\,m}$ first shows intensive evaporative cooling due to the formation of numerous small clouds. Evaporative cooling is generated at the edge and shell regions of the small clouds. As a result, the clouds often dissolve before they could grow deep enough to precipitate. In the subsequent hours cloud aggregation is a crucial step causing precipitation generation in $\Delta_{156\,m}$. Concerning initiation of convection, overall the LES grid spacings show the similar thermally- and orographically-induced circulations in all areas (A1, A2, and A3). However, as demonstrated for A1 considerable differences in triggering could occur when the land-surface resolution is reduced down from 156 m to 5000 m. This finding holds when the resolution of 5000 m smoothed out those land-surface heterogeneities (e.g. lake breezes and urban heat island) which are responsible for convection initiation at 156 m land-surface resolution

An Analysis of Select Models of Rural Education in Developing Nations and Their Possible Applicability in India

This study conceptually analyses select rural education models which have been implemented successfully in various developing countries. The models chosen for the study possess distinct features- administrative, financial, academic as well as ideological- which have led them to achieve better qualitative standards in education for rural and underprivileged children. The paper points out those features which resonate the most with the Indian socio-economic scenario and discusses the possibility of applying the same in the Indian rural education system. The study is based on the review and analysis of secondary sources. The researcher has accessed scholarly articles,research papers, published reports and online literature for the study

The Nexus Between Nurse Burnout, Missed Care And Patient Outcomes

Background & Significance: Nurse burnout is a healthcare crisis affecting nearly half of U.S. hospital nurses and has been tied to negative patient outcomes such as preventable adverse events – the third leading cause of death in the U.S. Despite the pervasiveness of burnout, much remains to be understood about exactly how, and to what extent, hospital nurse burnout impacts the delivery of care and patient outcomes. This study advances our understanding of the complex phenomenon of burnout by examining its impact on specific nurse-reported preventable adverse events, and positing that missed care is a pathway by which hospital nurse burnout undermines quality of care and patient safety. Methods: This cross-sectional, secondary data analysis of three linked datasets from 2005-2008 assessed a sample of 23,784 registered nurses working in 587 hospitals across four states. Employing a series of multilevel multivariable robust logistic regressions, a mediation analysis was conducted to examine the associations between hospital-level nurse burnout, hospital-level missed care, and five nurse-reported frequent adverse events (medication errors, pressure ulcers, falls with injury, hospital-associated urinary tract infections and central line bloodstream infections), after controlling for patient severity, nurse and hospital characteristics. Results: Hospital nurse burnout was found to be significantly associated with all five nurse-reported adverse events and missed care partially mediated this relationship in four out of the five outcomes. The odds of nurses reporting frequent adverse events increase by 12-20% with every 10% increase in the proportion of burned out nurses, after accounting for patient severity, nurse and hospital characteristics. Missed care was found to explain 15-33% of the relationship between hospital nurse burnout and hospital nurse-reported adverse events. Conclusion & Implications: This study provides new evidence that hospitals with higher proportions of burned out nurses have higher odds of nurse-reported preventable adverse events—partially due to missed care. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first large-scale study in the U.S. to document these associations and empirically demonstrate that missed care partially explains how nurse burnout leads to preventable harm to patients. Given the current policy climate increasingly demanding safe, high quality, value-based patient care, this study suggests that organizational-level interventions aimed at reducing nurse burnout may be a critical strategy to mitigate costly, occasionally life-threatening adverse events

VALIDATION OF THE FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE PARENT-ADOLESCENT RELATIONSHIP SCALE IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT

Parent-Adolescent Relationship (PAR) gets transformed during adolescence, and there is a significant relationship between the adolescent\u27s adjustment and quality of this relationship. A loving and caring relationship full of acceptance with parents offers a health-oriented atmosphere for the growth of the child\u27s abilities in multiple ways. The research findings indicated that the quality of Parent-Adolescent Relationship (PAR) associates with a broader range of positive outcomes, including emotional and mental Well-being, adjustment with the environment, and social competence. The present study was designed to adopt a Parent-Adolescent Scale, which examines the parent-adolescent relation among adolescents of India. In the present study, 13 items from the Parent-Adolescent Scale 21, developed by Husseini et al. (2016), were translated in the Hindi language and adopted in the Indian context. A total 1000 adolescent students from different Hindi speaking states of India responded to the PARS13. An Exploratory Factor Analysis and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis were performed to test the factorial structure of the PARS13, and the internal consistency of the scale was studied. The results supported scale multidimensionality. The obtained Cronbach’s alpha revealed satisfactory internal consistency with a value of 0.82. Based on the psychometric properties obtained, it is concluded that PARS13 is a reliable measure to assess adolescents\u27 parent-adolescent relationship in India

Harlequin baby- case of birth of a monster baby! - A myth!

Harlequin phenotype is inherited as autosomal recessive trait. Disease has been known since 1750, atleast 100 cases have been reported worldwide in modern times. Many cases are sporadic and many others occur in consanguineous families where more than one child is affected. We report a case of harlequin baby born to a mother who had previous two similar babies and two other normal babies

RESILIENCE, EMOTION REGULATION, PEER RELATIONSHIP, HUMOR AND BODY-ESTEEM IN INDIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS

The aims of the present study were (1) to explore sex-related differences and (2) to estimate the associations between resilience, emotion regulation, peer relationship, humor, and body-esteem. A sample of Indian college students (N = 1000) took part in this study. They responded to the Hindi versions of the resilience scale, emotion regulation questionnaire for children and adolescents, peer relationship scale, humor style questionnaire, and body-esteem scale. Results indicated that men obtained higher mean scores on resilience, peer relationship, humor, and body-esteem than women. All the correlations between the variables were statistically significant and positive. It was concluded that those who consider themselves as resilient experienced greater emotion regulation, body-esteem, humor, and peer relationship

Study of subsynchronous resonance and its countermeasure using static VAR compensator

This project includes the study of Subsynchronous resonance (SSR) phenomenon which occurs in a power system having series capacitor compensated transmission line. Static VAR compensators can be used to damp SSR oscillations besides controlling the system voltage. The First IEEE benchmark model and eigenvalue techniques are applied in the project to study the behavior of turbo-generator connected to the series compensated transmission line

Evolution of b-values before large earthquakes of mb ≥6.0 in the Andaman region

We have considered six earthquakes of mb ≥6.0, with focal depths within 45 km, in Andaman region during 2000 to 2012 to examine the spatial variations of b-value at epicentre within a one-year period prior to the occurrence of the earthquakes. We have found a correlation between the low b for the one year time interval and the occurrence of large events. The epicentral b-values of six earthquakes are lower than 1.0 and five out of six earthquakes show very low b-value at the epicentre. Our study may indicate that b-value can be employed as a possible precursor for the forecasting of a major earthquake