Design and development of drug delivery systems for immediate and sustained release utilizing hot melt extrusion

Polymers have indispensable role in pharmaceutical formulation development. Polymer choice is a critical factor to obtain the desired drug-release profile during formulation development for HME (Hot melt extrusion). Many commercially available, pharmaceutical-grade polymers can be used in HME formulations. The suitable polymer choice facilitates processing in the extruder. When choosing a polymer to use in a formulation, processing conditions and processing attributes of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) should be considered. The physicochemical and the mechanisms of drug release from drug delivery systems prepared by utilizing HME with various polymeric carriers were investigated. Amorphous forms of API can have as much as 10-1600 fold higher solubility than their crystalline forms. HME technology is extensively been used to convert crystalline form to amorphous form of drug with increased solubility with polymeric matrices as carriers. Efavirenz (EFZ) and Carbamazepine (CBZ) are crystalline lipophilic model drugs used in the studies. These are class II drugs (low solubility, high permeability) according to the BCS guidance by the FDA. Various polymers for example cellulose ethers (HEC, HPC and HPMC), hypermellose ester derivatives (HPMCAS and HPMCP) and acrylic polymer (Eudragit® EPO) with pH dependant solubility were examined for suitability as solubility enhancers for EFZ and processability in melt extrusion processes. To determine suitable polymeric carrier, different tools like solubility parameter calculation, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Dissolution were employed. The physicochemical characteristics of the extruded formulations were compared to the respective physical mixtures to examine the effect of the extrusion process. Furthermore, HME formulations were evaluated for drug polymer interaction utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Sugar alcohols were used as carriers in solid dispersions, since it is known that glass formation is comin many polyhydroxy substances, presumably due to their strong hydrogen bonding which may prevent re-crystallization of the amorphous form of drug molecules. Furthermore, they possess the advantage of high thermal stability and absence of browning reactions. The sugar alcohols (Mannitol, Sorbitol, and Xylitol) investigated in this study proved to be very effective in forming solid dispersions and enhancing solubility of CBZ form III. Xylitol exhibited good processability. Chlorpheniramine Maleate (CLPM) and Diltiazem Hydrochloride (DTZ) were used as a model API to design a sustained release pellet formulations utilizing EthocelTM (EC). EC is also studied as matrix former with lipophillic processing aids (Stearic acid, Tristearin and Trimyristin) for HME sustained release pellets. The purpose of this project was to study the effect various levels of processing aid with Ethyl cellulose matrices utilizing melt extrusion techniques. All of the processing aids decreased the Tg of EthocelTM, which facilitated the extrusion process. With addition of Stearic acid (10%w/w), the Tg of the EC matrix decreased from 132.6±2.5°C to 125.4±1.7°C. FTIR spectra of extruded pellets of EC with lipophillic processing aids indicated band shift when compared to the spectra of pure EC suggesting intermolecular interaction between EC and lipophillic processing aids

Low Power 6-Transistor Latch Design for Portable Devices

The latest advances in mobile battery-powered devices such as the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and mobile phones have set new goals in digital VLSI design. The portable devices require high speed and low power consumption. Even low power consumption is the dominant requirement and to do so speed can be compromised. In this paper a novel area efficient latch design is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed design with less transistor count is better choice for low power and high speed portable applications. Keywords: Latch, Low power, Portable, 8T, 6T, Power consumption, Delay

A case report: venous sinus thrombosis in pregnancy

Venous sinus thrombosis (VST) should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all unexplained central nervous system disorders of sudden onset. Etiological factors are subclinical forms of several common thrombophilic states occurring together, rather than the typical inherited and rare causes. Diagnosis is often missed because of the heterogeneity in clinical presentation and radiological investigation is essential for the diagnosis. Prognosis depends on the early detection. By correcting the cause, the complications can be prevented

Introduction to Generalised Spatial Modulation

In this paper generalized spatial modulation technique is introduced. This is a new technique for MIMO system. It enhances the spectral efficiency and reduces BER. GSM enhances the system performance

Multiattribute Attitude Measurement of Incredible India Campaign

The study makes an effort to evaluate Incredible India campaign in terms of its growth and expansion. For the purpose of this study descriptive research has been undertaken, in which a questionnaire was designed to measure the attitude of the foreign tourists towards India. For analyzing the attitude towards Incredible India campaign, Fishbein Multi-attribute model has been used quantitatively. The attitude has been measured by calculating and analyzing a mean overall attitude (Ao) in respect to the minimum and maximum value keeping the evaluation score constant. The attitude score has also been judged on a scale of ideal point score where the lowest value is 12 and the highest value is 300. The value has been calculated assuming strongest belief and evaluation and weakest belief and evaluation. The analysis of the elements of Incredible India campaign shows a mean overall attitude (Ao) of 184.29 with a minimum and maximum value of 47.03 and 235.16 respectively. Keywords: Incredible India, Indian Tourism, Attitude, Foreign Tourist

A study on neutrophil lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic predictor in patient with acute ischaemic stroke visiting tertiary care hospital of southern Bihar

Introduction: The Neutrophil- Lymphocyte Ratio (NL Ratio) is one of potential early markers that can be correlated to mortality or morbidity in acute ischaemic stroke , being readily available, cost effective and routinely requested in laboratory Aim and Objectives: To study the clinical presentation and risk factors of acute Ischaemic stroke And To study the pattern of stroke and neutrophil lymphocyte correlation. Methodology: This was a Retrospective study, conducted on 100 study subjects of stroke at medical ward of Narayan medical college and Hospital, Rohtas, South Bihar. Data was collected from the record of Narayan medical college, Rohtas,NLR was calculated as the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Result: There was correlation between NLR value of patients and GCS score with R square 0.593. On applying multivariate analysis for seeing the effect of age, Time duration, Total count, and NLR over GCS score, we found significant correlation with R square 0.636.There was also correlation between SSR score and NLR with R square 0.661. On applying multivariate analysis for seeing the effect of age, Time duration, Total count, and NLR over SSS score, we found significant correlation with R square 0.686. Conclusions: An elevated NLR at the time of hospital admission may be a predictor of morbidity and  mortality in acute stroke patients. Because of its routine use, low cost and easy-to-measure nature, NLR can be used for prediction of prognosis and in-hospital mortality in stroke patients. Keywords: Stroke, NLR, GCS score, SSS score, TIA

Performance Analysis and Optimal Detection of Spatial Modulation

In this paper, we propose the optimal detector for spatial modulation. The new detector performs significant better than the original (~4 dB gain), and we derive the closed form expression for the average bit error probability. The optimal detector of SM shows performance gain (~1.5 ?3 dB) over popular multiple antenna system, making it an excellent prospect for future wireless communication

DESMIDS BIODIVERSITY IN FRESHWATER PONDS OF DISTRICT NAGAUR, WESTERN RAJASTHAN INDIA: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

The present study was carried out to investigate the desmids biodiversity in traditional freshwater reservoirs of Nagaur district, Western Rajasthan, India. The samples were collected in January 2021 from the freshwater small ponds which harvests rainwater located in and around Nagaur city. These samples were analyzed by following the standard method prescribed by A.P.H.A for assessing the various physicochemical parameters such as pH, TDS, Fluoride, Nitrate, Chloride, total alkalinity, and total hardness to check drinking water quality and for ecological assessment. Furthermore desmids species-level identification and description have been done with the help of standard literatures and monographs. Results of physicochemical parameters indicate the deteriorating drinking water quality of all four sampling sites. In the present study total of 16 species belong to 5 genera i.e. Netrium, Closterium, Cosmerium, Staurastrum, and Eustrum of desmids have been recorded for the first time from the freshwater ponds located in or around the Nagaur city. The higher biodiversity of Closterium and Cosmarium species at Jhada talab confirm its significant relationship with high calcium and nutrient-rich water quality. While low biodiversity of desmids at remaining all village ponds indicates that high pH and oligotrophic quality decreases the desmids biodiversity. Results of this study might be helpful to assess the geographic distribution of desmids flora of Nagaur district and establish water quality of protected freshwater habitats as well as in updating the list of current species of desmids in this sub-region

AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF PSORIASIS: A CASE STUDY

Skin is the mirror which reflects the harmony of internal functions of body. Any change in skin colour disturbs the patient both mentally and physically. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease in which scaling and itching in the papulosquamous lesion of skin disturbs the daily routine of the patients. Because of its recurrent nature the disease has remained a great problem. There is no certain cure for this disease. Modern medicine provides symptomatic relief but also has side effects in long course. The Ayurvedic diagnosis is considered as Ekakushtha which is a Vata Kapha predominant Kshudrakushtha. Here an effort was made to treat a nineteen years old male diagnosed case of Plaque Psoriasis, by combined Ayurvedic regimen. As the principle of treatment of all types of Kushtha is Sanshodhana along with Sanshamana drugs. In this study initially Vamana karma and then Virechana karma was performed. After Sanshodhana, Sanshamana drugs were given for 40 days. PASI (Psoriasis area severity index) score was taken for assessment parameter of improvement. The skin lesions of the patient was calculated by PASI score before starting the treatment was found to be 35.1 which decreased to 5.4 at the end of treatment. This case report showed that combined Ayurvedic modalities resulted in great improvement in overall condition of the patient with no recurrence since last 1 year

Use of antimicrobial coated polyglactin sutures versus plain polyglactin sutures in oral malignancies

OBJECTIVES: To study post operative wound infection rates in patients with oral malignancy following use of antimicrobial coated polyglactin 910 sutures as compared to plain polyglactin 910 sutures. METHODS: A pilot study of consecutive cases that underwent surgery for oral malignancies with all surgical sites being closed with triclosan coated polyglactin 910 sutures from 1st January 2014 to 31st July 2015. A total number of 53 patients were recruited and oral swabs was taken and sent for microbiological analysis prior to antibiotic administration. The overall wound infection rate was then compared retrospectively to the infection rate in the previous year in patients where the surgical sites sutured with plain polyglactin 910. Independent variables were analyzed by Chi-Squared test; multiple logistic regression was preformed to account for multiple risk factors. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The overall wound infection rate in post operative patients who underwent oral malignancies surgery with triclosan coated polyglactin sutures was 17%. The wound infection rate had decreased from 23.86% when plain polyglactin sutures were used. Multivariate analysis was inconclusive and requires completion of the proposed sample size. The microbiological analysis revealed that the oral microbiology in patients with an oral malignancy is the same as those without. Nevertheless, this pilot study reveals that tumour staging of disease is a statistical significant factor to determine post operative surgical site infections