Flux and Photon Spectral Index Distributions of Fermi-LAT Blazars And Contribution To The Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background

We present a determination of the distributions of photon spectral index and gamma-ray flux - the so called LogN-LogS relation - for the 352 blazars detected with a greater than approximately seven sigma detection threshold and located above +/- 20 degrees Galactic latitude by the Large Area Telescope of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in its first year catalog. Because the flux detection threshold depends on the photon index, the observed raw distributions do not provide the true LogN-LogS counts or the true distribution of the photon index. We use the non-parametric methods developed by Efron and Petrosian to reconstruct the intrinsic distributions from the observed ones which account for the data truncations introduced by observational bias and includes the effects of the possible correlation between the two variables. We demonstrate the robustness of our procedures using a simulated data set of blazars and then apply these to the real data and find that for the population as a whole the intrinsic flux distribution can be represented by a broken power law with high and low indexes of -2.37 +/- 0.13 and -1.70 +/- 0.26, respectively, and the intrinsic photon index distribution can be represented by a Gaussian with mean of 2.41 +/- 0.13 and width of 0.25 +/- 0.03. We also find the intrinsic distributions for the sub-populations of BL Lac and FSRQs type blazars separately. We then calculate the contribution of Fermi blazars to the diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray background radiation. Under the assumption that the flux distribution of blazars continues to arbitrarily low fluxes, we calculate the best fit contribution of all blazars to the total extragalactic gamma-ray output to be 60%, with a large uncertainty.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables, updated to published version with additional figure

Gamma-ray Luminosity and Photon Index Evolution of FSRQ Blazars and Contribution to the Gamma-ray Background

We present the redshift evolutions and distributions of the gamma-ray luminosity and photon spectral index of flat spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) type blazars, using non-parametric methods to obtain the evolutions and distributions directly from the data. The sample we use for analysis consists of almost all FSRQs observed with a greater than approximately 7 sigma detection threshold in the first year catalog of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope's Large Area Telescope, with redshfits as determined from optical spectroscopy by Shaw et al. We find that FSQRs undergo rapid gamma-ray luminosity evolution, but negligible photon index evolution, with redshift. With these evolutions accounted for we determine the density evolution and luminosity function of FSRQs, and calculate their total contribution to the extragalactic gamma-ray background radiation, resolved and unresolved, which is found to be 16(+10/-4)%, in agreement with previous studies.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures, Accepted to Ap

The X-ray Luminosity Function Evolution of Quasars and the Correlation Between the X-ray and Ultraviolet Luminosities

We explore the evolution of the X-ray luminosity function of quasars and the intrinsic correlation between the X-ray and 2500\AA $\,$ ultraviolet luminosities, utilizing techniques verified in previous works and a sample of over 4000 quasars detected with Chandra and XMM-Newton in the range $0<z<5$. We find that quasars have undergone significantly less evolution with redshift in their total X-ray luminosity than in other wavebands. We then determine that the best fit intrinsic power law correlation between the X-ray and ultraviolet luminosities, of the form $L'_{\rm X} \propto ({L'_{\rm UV}})^{\gamma}$, is $\gamma=0.28\pm$0.03, and we derive the luminosity function and density evolution in the X-ray band. We discuss the implications of these results for models of quasar systems.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, updated to version published in Ap

Flux and Photon Spectral Index Distributions of Fermi-LAT Blazars and Contribution to the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background

We present a determination of the distributions of the photon spectral index and gamma-ray flux—the so-called log N–log S relation—for the 352 blazars detected with a greater than approximately 7σ detection threshold and located above ±20◦ Galactic latitude by the Large Area Telescope of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in its first year catalog. Because the flux detection threshold depends on the photon index, the observed raw distributions do not provide the true log N–log S counts or the true distribution of the photon index. We use the non-parametric methods developed by Efron and Petrosian to reconstruct the intrinsic distributions from the observed ones which account for the data truncations introduced by observational bias and includes the effects of the possible correlation between the two variables. We demonstrate the robustness of our procedures using a simulated data set of blazars and then apply these to the real data and find that for the population as a whole the intrinsic flux distribution can be represented by a broken power law with high and low indices of −2.37 ± 0.13 and −1.70 ± 0.26, respectively, and the intrinsic photon index distribution can be represented by a Gaussian with mean of 2.41±0.13 and width of 0.25± 0.03. We also find the intrinsic distributions for the sub-populations of BL Lac and flat spectrum radio quasar type blazars separately. We then calculate the contribution of Fermi blazars to the diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray background radiation. Under the assumption that the flux distribution of blazars continues to arbitrarily low fluxes, we calculate the best-fit contribution of all blazars to the total extragalactic gamma-ray output to be 60%, with a large uncertainty

Luminosity-Luminosity Correlations in Flux-Limited Multiwavelength Data

We explore the general question of correlations among different waveband luminosities in a flux-limited multiband observational data set. Such correlations, often observed for astronomical sources, may be either intrinsic or induced by the redshift evolution of the luminosities and the data truncation due to the flux limits. We first address this question analytically. We then use simulated flux-limited data with three different known intrinsic luminosity correlations and prescribed luminosity functions and evolution similar to the ones expected for quasars. We explore how the intrinsic nature of luminosity correlations can be deduced, including exploring the efficacy of partial correlation analysis with redshift binning in determining whether luminosity correlations are intrinsic and finding the form of the intrinsic correlation. By applying methods that we have developed in recent works, we show that we can recover the true cosmological evolution of the luminosity functions and the intrinsic correlations between the luminosities. Finally, we demonstrate the methods for determining intrinsic luminosity correlations on actual observed samples of quasars with mid-infrared, radio, and optical fluxes and redshifts, finding that the luminosity– luminosity correlation is significantly stronger between mid-infrared and optical than that between radio and optical luminosities, supporting the canonical jet-launching and heating model of active galaxies

Waveband Luminosity Correlations in Flux-Limited Multiwavelength Data

We explore the general question of correlations among different waveband luminosities in a flux-limited multiband observational data set. Such correlations, often observed for astronomical sources, may be either intrinsic or induced by the redshift evolution of the luminosities and the data truncation due to the flux limits. We first address this question analytically. We then use simulated flux-limited data with three different known intrinsic luminosity correlations and prescribed luminosity functions and evolution similar to the ones expected for quasars. We explore how the intrinsic nature of luminosity correlations can be deduced, including exploring the efficacy of partial correlation analysis with redshift binning in determining whether luminosity correlations are intrinsic and finding the form of the intrinsic correlation. By applying methods that we have developed in recent works, we show that we can recover the true cosmological evolution of the luminosity functions and the intrinsic correlations between the luminosities. Finally, we demonstrate the methods for determining intrinsic luminosity correlations on actual observed samples of quasars with mid-infrared, radio, and optical fluxes and redshifts, finding that the luminosity-luminosity correlation is significantly stronger between mid-infrared and optical than that between radio and optical luminosities, supporting the canonical jet-launching and heating model of active galaxies

The Radio and Optical Luminosity Evolution of Quasars II -- The SDSS Sample

We determine the radio and optical luminosity evolutions and the true distribution of the radio-loudness parameter R, defined as the ratio of the radio to optical luminosity, for a set of more than 5000 quasars combining Sloan Digital Sky Survey optical and Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty cm (FIRST) radio data. We apply the method of Efron and Petrosian to access the intrinsic distribution parameters, taking into account the truncations and correlations inherent in the data. We find that the population exhibits strong positive evolution with redshift in both wavebands, with somewhat greater radio evolution than optical. With the luminosity evolutions accounted for, we determine the density evolutions and local radio and optical luminosity functions. The intrinsic distribution of the radio-loudness parameter R is found to be quite different from the observed one and is smooth with no evidence of a bimodality in radio loudness for log R ≥ −1. The results we find are in general agreement with the previous analysis of Singal et al., which used POSS-I optical and FIRST radio data

On the Radio and Optical Luminosity Evolution of Quasars II - The SDSS Sample

We determine the radio and optical luminosity evolutions and the true distribution of the radio loudness parameter R, defined as the ratio of the radio to optical luminosity, for a set of more than 5000 quasars combining SDSS optical and FIRST radio data. We apply the method of Efron and Petrosian to access the intrinsic distribution parameters, taking into account the truncations and correlations inherent in the data. We find that the population exhibits strong positive evolution with redshift in both wavebands, with somewhat greater radio evolution than optical. With the luminosity evolutions accounted for, we determine the density evolutions and local radio and optical luminosity functions. The intrinsic distribution of the radio loudness parameter R is found to be quite different than the observed one, and is smooth with no evidence of a bi-modality in radio loudness. The results we find are in general agreement with the previous analysis of Singal et al. 2011 which used POSS-I optical and FIRST radio data.Comment: 16 pages, 17 figures, 1 table. Updated to journal version. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1101.293

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP DAN PENDAPATAN DENGAN PEMANFAATAN PUSKESMAS OLEH MASYARAKAT DESA KIMA BAJO KECAMATAN WORI

Pengetahuan tentang puskesmas akan mempengaruhi perilaku masyarakat dalam pemanfaatan pelayanan puskesmas. Pengetahuan sangat penting perannya karena dengan adanya pengetahuan yang dimiliki masyarakat maka akan terbentuk sikap yang akan diikuti dengan tindakan memilih pelayanan kesehatan yang baik. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis hubungan pengetahuan, sikap dan pendapatan dengan pemanfaatan puskesmas oleh masyarakat Desa Kima Bajo Kecamatan Wori. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Kima Bajo pada bulan September – Oktober 2018. Populasi berjumlah 267 keluarga, sampel berjumlah 160 responden. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik non probability sampling dengan menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel dengan cara kuota sampel. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah kuesioner. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi-Square dan Fisher Exact test dengan nilai α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap dengan pemanfaatan puskesmas dan tidak terdapat hubungan antara pendapatan keluarga dengan pemanfaatan puskesmas di Desa Kima Bajo Kecamatan Wori.Kesimpulan terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap dengan pemanfaatan puskesmas, tidak terdapat hubungan antara pendapatan keluarga dengan pemanfaatan puskesmas di Desa Kima Bajo Kecamatan Wori.Saran untuk masyarakat diharapkan untuk terus memanfaatkan secara maksimal fungsi dari puskesmas serta memiliki kepedulian dan partisipasi aktif disaat ada kegiatan dari pihak puskesmas. Kata kunci: Pengetahuan, sikap, pendapatan keluarga, pemanfaatan puskesmas  ABSTRACTKnowledge of puskesmas will influence people's behavior in utilizing puskesmas services. Knowledge is very important because the existence of knowledge owned by the community will form an attitude that will be followed by the act of choosing good health services. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of knowledge, attitudes and income with the use of health centers by the community of Kima Bajo Village, Wori District. This study uses an analytical survey method with a cross sectional approach. The location of the study was conducted in Kima Bajo Village in September - October 2018. The population was 267 families, a sample of 160 respondents. Sampling uses non probability sampling techniques by using sampling techniques by means of sample quotas. The measuring instrument used is a questionnaire. Data analysis using Chi-Square test and Fisher Exact test with a value of α = 0.05. The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and attitudes with the use of puskesmas and there was no relationship between family income and the use of puskesmas in Kima Bajo Village, Wori District. Kima Bajo Wori Subdistrict. Suggestions for the community are expected to continue to make maximum use of the functions of the puskesmas and have care and active participation when there are activities from the puskesmas.  Keywords: Knowledge, attitudes, family income, utilization of public health cente