Alternative control of winter eggs and root-galling form of Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

ABSTRACT: The phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch 1856) (Hemiptera; Phylloxeridae) is one of the main pests of grapevines, feeding on the leaves and roots. In Brazil, the presence of winter eggs has been identified on branches of the ‘Paulsen 1103’ rootstock, which could be a source of leaf and root infesting forms during vegetative phase. This study evaluated alternatives for controlling ‘winter eggs’ in potted cuttings of the ‘Paulsen 1103’ rootstock and evaluate the effect of bioinsecticides and insecticides on the root-galling form in the laboratory. In this study, it was found that heat treatment at 50 °C for 30 min resulted in no galls forming on the leaves (100% mortality of winter eggs). Similar results were obtained using standard insecticides Imidacloprid (Provado® 200 SC) and Flupyradifurone (Sivanto® Prime 200 SL). In treatments in which the cuttings were subjected to the sodium hypochlorite, leaf galls were formed (average of 1.5 gall). The commercial products Meta-Turbo® SC, Metarril® WP E9, Bovéria-Turbo®, FlyControl® WP and Octane®, resulted in low root-galling form mortality at 15 days after application (<16% mortality). Meanwhile, the garlic-based plant extract Eco Tirano® caused 72.6% mortality, which was similar to standard insecticides Provado® 200 SC and Sivanto® Prime 200 SL. Based on the results, heat treatment is an alternative for controlling winter eggs in the process of forming grapevine seedlings and the plant extract-based Eco Tirano® and the Provado® 200 SC and Sivanto® Prime 200 SL are potential insecticides for reducing infestations of the root-galling form of phylloxera in grapevine cultivation

Toxic baits on the control of Linepithema micans (Forel, 1908) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille, 1922) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) on grapevine

In Brazil, Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) is considered to be the main pest of vine plants, attacking the roots of cultivated and wild plants. Linepithema micans (Forel, 1908) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is the primary agent responsible for spreading the Eurhizococcus brasiliensis, which are attracted by the honeydew excreted by the scale insect. In this work, the effect of a hydramethylnonbased granular toxic bait on the control of L. micans and E. brasiliensis in grapevines was evaluated on young grapevines. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in October 2014 and planted in individual pots were used to select different formulations of toxic baits based on hydramethylnon (small granule, large granule, cereal and gel) for the control of L. micans. The toxic baits were provided ad libitum in bait holders, with baits being replaced weekly. Weekly evaluations were carried out during a period of 10 weeks, with the number of foraging ants being counted every 10 minutes during 1 hour, in an aqueous solution of 70% inverted sugar. The best formulation of toxic bait selected in greenhouse was evaluated in the field in two experiments, carried out in areas naturally infested withe the scale and L. micans. In the first experiment 450 g/ha/week of the toxic bait were applied in Flores da Cunha, RS, and in the second, one and three weekly applications of the same dose were evaluated in Caxias do Sul, RS. In August 2014, seedlings from the Paulsen 1103 rootstock were planted in Flores da Cunha and in November 2015 in Caxias do Sul. The ants was monitored weekly in-ground pitfall traps using a honey and water solution (70%) and sardine conserved in oil absorbed in cotton wool as food attractants.The evaluation of the experiments was carried out in May of 2015 (Flores da Cunha) and 2016 (Caxias do Sul), counting the number of scale insects present in the roots.The experiment conducted in a greenhouse, the hydramethylnon based toxic bait in the formulation small granule and large granule controlled the ant population in the first 4 weeks of application.The gel formulation of the hydramethylnon toxic bait also provided 100% mortality of the population of ants; however, its control was slower when compared with the other two formulations and the cereal formulation did not differ from the control. The small granule toxic bait, applied weekly, effectively reduced the infestation of L. micans, controlling 100% of the population of ants and reducing the infestation of E. brasiliensis by 99.9%. When the number of bait applications was reduced to 1 to 3, there was a 100% reduction in the ants in the treatment that received three applications until the fourth week after application of the bait, but the colonies were re-establishment.The small granule toxic bait, applied weekly, effectively reduced the infestation of L. micans in greenhouse and field.The reduction of the number of applications (one and three times) did not provide satisfactory control and it will be 10 necessary to adjust the number of treatments for an efficient and economical control of the two species.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESA pérola-da-terra Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille, 1922) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) é uma cochonilha subterrânea que ataca raízes de plantas cultivadas e silvestres. A espécie é considerada a principal praga da videira no Brasil. No primeiro ínstar, a dispersão da cochonilha é realizada com o auxílio de formigas doceiras principalmente a Linepithema micans (Forel, 1908) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) que se associa à cochonilha na busca de excrementos açucarados. Nesse trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito de iscas tóxicas a base de hidrametilnona no controle de L. micans, e consequentemente, na infestação de E. brasiliensis em novos plantios de videira. Inicialmente foi realizado um experimento em vasos em casa de vegetação em outubro de 2014 com a finalidade de selecionar formulações de iscas tóxicas à base de hidrametilnona (“grânulo pequeno”, “grânulo grande”, tipo “cereal” e gel) para o controle de L. micans. As iscas tóxicas foram oferecidas ad libitum em porta-iscas com substituição semanal. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente registrando o número de formigas forrageando a cada 10 minutos durante uma hora sobre uma solução aquosa de açúcar invertido 70%. A melhor formulação de isca tóxica selecionada em casa de vegetação foi avaliada a campo em dois experimentos, realizados em áreas naturalmente infestadas pela pérola-da-terra e por L. micans. No primeiro, foram efetuadas aplicações semanais de 450 g/ha da isca tóxica em Flores da Cunha, RS, e no segundo, foi avaliado uma e três aplicações semanais da mesma dose em Caxias do Sul, RS. Mudas do porta enxerto Paulsen 1103 foram plantadas em agosto de 2014 para o experimento em Flores da Cunha e em novembro de 2015 no experimento de Caxias do Sul, respectivamente. O monitoramento populacional das formigas foi feito semanalmente através de armadilhas subterrâneas do tipo “pitfall” utilizando mel e sardinha embebidos em algodão. A avaliação dos experimentos foi realizada em maio de 2015 (Flores da Cunha) e 2016 (Caxias do Sul), contando o número de cochonilhas presentes nas raízes. No experimento em casa de vegetação, a isca tóxica a base de hidrametilnona formulada em “grânulo pequeno” e “grânulo grande” controlaram a população de formigas nas primeiras quatro semanas após o fornecimento da isca. A isca tóxica formulada em gel também proporcionou mortalidade de 100% da população de formigas, no entanto seu controle foi mais lento, quando comparado as outras formulações. A isca “cereal” não proporcionou controle das formigas. A isca tóxica formulada em “grânulo pequeno” selecionada como a mais eficaz em casa de vegetação, fornecida semanalmente no campo, controlou a população de L. micans em 100% reduzindo a infestação da 8 pérola-da-terra em 99,9%. Quando o número de aplicações da isca foi reduzido para 1 a 3, houve um controle de 100% na população de formigas no tratamento que recebeu três aplicações até a quarta semana após o fornecimento da isca, porém as colônias se restabeleceram ao longo do experimento e os tratamentos (uma e três vezes) não foram eficazes no controle das espécies. Conclui-se que a formulação granulada à base de hidrametilnona “grânulo pequeno” é eficiente no controle de L micans em casa de vegetação e em aplicações semanais no campo. Aplicações de uma e três vezes da isca tóxica não proporcionaram controle satisfatório das espécies sendo necessário ajustar o número de tratamentos para um controle eficaz e econômico de E. brasiliensis e L. micans

Biologia e tabela de vida de fertilidade do pulgão‑preto em cultivares de videira

The objective of this work was to evaluate the biology and fertility life table of the grapevine aphid [Aphis illinoisensis (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] on seedlings of the grape cultivars of Vitis labrusca, Bordô, and of V. vinifera, Cabernet Franc, Italy, and Moscato Bianco. The experiment was carried out in 50 small‑cage confinement, with one insect in each small‑cage per treatment, fixed in grapevine seedlings kept in a phytotron-type growth chamber (at 25±1°C, 75±10% relative humidity, and 14‑hour photophase). Duration and viability of nymphal stages, fecundity, and longevity of the species reproductive period were daily evaluated. Grapevine aphid completed its life cycle in grape seedlings of the mentioned cultivars, with nymphal stage duration of 7.9±0.3, 6.8±0.2, 6.2±0.2 and 6.7±0.2 days, and viability of 58, 82, 98, and 80%, for \u27Bordô\u27, \u27Cabernet Franc\u27, \u27Italia\u27, and \u27Moscato Bianco\u27, respectively. \u27Cabernet Franc\u27 and \u27Moscato Bianco\u27 were more favorable to the grapevine aphid development, based on the fertility life table, with 51.3 and 55.6 offspring per female, per generation, respectively. \u27Bordô\u27 was the less suitable for this aphid development, with 12.55 offspring per female, per generation, which indicates a antibiosis-type resistance or insect nonpreference for this cultivar.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a biologia e a tabela de vida de fertilidade do pulgão‑preto da videira [Aphis illinoisensis (Hemiptera: Aphididae)], em mudas das cultivares de Vitis labrusca Bordô, e de V. vinifera Cabernet Franc, Itália e Moscato Bianco. O experimento foi conduzido em 50 minigaiolas de confinamento, com um inseto em cada gaiola por tratamento, fixadas em mudas de videira mantidas em câmara de crescimento do tipo fitotron (a 25±1°C, umidade relativa de 75±10% e fotófase de 14 horas). Avaliaram-se diariamente a duração e a viabilidade ninfal, a fecundidade e a longevidade do período reprodutivo da espécie. O pulgão‑preto da videira completou o ciclo biológico nas mudas das mencionadas cultivares, com duração da fase de ninfa de 7,9±0,3, 6,8±0,2, 6,2±0,2 e 6,7±0,2 dias, e viabilidade de 58, 82, 98 e 80% para \u27Bordô\u27, \u27Cabernet Franc\u27, \u27Itália\u27 e \u27Moscato Bianco\u27, respectivamente. \u27Cabernet Franc\u27 e \u27Moscato Bianco\u27 foram mais favoráveis ao desenvolvimento do pulgão‑preto, com base na tabela de vida de fertilidade, com 51,3 e 55,6 descendentes por fêmea, por geração, respectivamente. \u27Bordô\u27 foi a menos adequada ao desenvolvimento do afídeo, com 12,55 descendentes por fêmea, por geração, o que indica resistência do tipo antibiose ou não preferência do inseto pela cultivar

Thermal requirements and estimates of the annual number of generations of Lobiopa insularis on strawberry crop

ABSTRACT Lobiopa insularis is one of the main pests of strawberry crop, causing direct damage to fruit, making them unfeasible for consumption and commercialization. This study aimed to estimate, under laboratory conditions, base temperature and thermal requirements of the eggs, larvae, pupae and the biological cycle (from egg to adult) of L. insularis. Insects were reared on artificial diet based on strawberry fruits, at temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31°C, using air-conditioned chambers (70±10% R.H.; 12 h photophase). The number of annual generations of L. insularis was estimated for eight municipalities belonging to the main strawberry growing regions in Brazil, considering base temperature and thermal constant. Development time of L. insularis was proportional to the temperature increase. The best development rate was obtained when insects were reared at 22 and 25ºC. Based on thermal requirements of L. insularis, the number of annual generations was estimated between 5 and 7 per year, according to the studied region.</jats:p

Control of Linepithema micans (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) in Vineyards Using Toxic Baits

Linepithema micans (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is the main ant species responsible for dispersal of Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), a root scale that damages grapevines in southern Brazil. The effects of different formulations of toxic baits based on boric acid and hydramethylnon to control L. micans and E. brasiliensis were evaluated. Toxic baits with boric acid (1.0%) mixed in different concentrations of inverted sugar (20%, 30%, and 40%), and hydramethylnon, mixed with sardines (paste), cassava flour and peanut, brown sugar (sucrose), or sardine oil-based gel, were evaluated in a greenhouse and in the field. In the greenhouse experiment, the number of foraging ants was significantly reduced in the pots where the hydramethylnon in sardine paste (Solid S), sardine oil-brown sugar-based gel (GEL SAM), and peanut oil-brown-sugar gel (GEL AM) formulations were applied. The GEL SAM toxic bait effectively reduced the infestation of L. micans, and could be used for indirect control of E. brasiliensis on young grapevines.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPERGS (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Embrapa Uva & Vinho, Entomol Lab, Bento Goncalves, RS, BrazilUniv Fed Pelotas, Dept Fitossanidade, Pelotas, RS, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Estudos Insetos Sociais, Rio Claro, SP, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Estudos Insetos Sociais, Rio Claro, SP, Brazi

Population suppression of phylloxera gallicolae and radicicolae forms on grapevines with the use of synthetic insecticides

ABSTRACT: The grapevine phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) is the main insect pest of viticulture globally. Infestations can occur in the aerial part of the plant (gallicolae form) and roots (radicicolae form). In this study, the effect of insecticides on the populations suppression of the gall and root forms of phylloxera one vine was evaluated. For the gallicolous form, the thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®, 40g c.p./100L-1), flupyradifurone (Sivanto® Prime 200 SL, 75mL c.p./100L-1), and sulfoxaflor (Closer® SC, 40mL c.p./100L-1) were evaluated in the field, under natural infestation, using rootstock plants ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris). For the root stage, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using rooted seedlings of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera) grown in pots artificially infested with 200 phylloxera eggs per plant. After 80 days of infestation, the thiamethoxam (0.2g p.c./plant), flupyradifurone (0.8mL p.c./plant), sulfoxaflor (0.3mL/plant) and imidacloprid (Proved 200 SC, 0.7 mL/plant) were applied via drench. For the gallicolae form, an application of the flupyradifurone provided a gall reduction of 90% at 28 days after the first application (DAFA). While for thiamethoxam, 3 applications were needed at weekly intervals to maintain the same level of control. For sulfoxaflor, a second application at 14 DAFA was necessary to provide a level of control above 90%. For the root stage, the insecticides sulfoxaflor and imidacloprid showed the best results, with 96 and 89% of control over nymphs and adults, respectively. The insecticides flupiradifurone and sulfoxaflor are suitable for the chemical control of phylloxera in the vine.</div

Thermal requirements and estimates of the annual number of generations of Lobiopa insularis on strawberry crop

ABSTRACT Lobiopa insularis is one of the main pests of strawberry crop, causing direct damage to fruit, making them unfeasible for consumption and commercialization. This study aimed to estimate, under laboratory conditions, base temperature and thermal requirements of the eggs, larvae, pupae and the biological cycle (from egg to adult) of L. insularis. Insects were reared on artificial diet based on strawberry fruits, at temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31°C, using air-conditioned chambers (70±10% R.H.; 12 h photophase). The number of annual generations of L. insularis was estimated for eight municipalities belonging to the main strawberry growing regions in Brazil, considering base temperature and thermal constant. Development time of L. insularis was proportional to the temperature increase. The best development rate was obtained when insects were reared at 22 and 25ºC. Based on thermal requirements of L. insularis, the number of annual generations was estimated between 5 and 7 per year, according to the studied region.</div

Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) as a predator of the leaf-galling form of the grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) in Brazil

Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an Asian species intentionally introduced in many countries as a biological control agent for insect pests. In Brazil, it was introduced accidentally and recorded for the first time in Curitiba, Paraná State, in 2002. An inventory of natural enemies of the leaf-galling form of the grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) carried out in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul, the occurrence of predation of all stages of development of D. vitifoliae by larvae and adults of H. axyridis. The presence of H. axyridis preying on D. vitifoliae in vineyards is important because it identifies an exotic species acting as a predator of grape phylloxera populations in Brazil

Interaction Between Linepithema micans (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the Vine Mealybug Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Trophobiosis or Predation?

The mealybug Planococcus ficus Signoret) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) has recently been detected in vineyards in southern Brazil. The ant Linepithema micans Forel) Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is the most abundant and frequent species in these vineyards, acting mainly as a disperser of the native soil scale, the ground pearl Eurhizococcus brasiliensis Wille) Hemiptera: Margarodidae). This study evaluated the interactions dispersal and predation) of L. micans with P. ficus. The first experiment evaluated the interaction between L. micans and P. ficus in a greenhouse, using Paulsen 1103 rootstock Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris) planted in pots. Plants were infested by 1) adult females of P. ficus, and 2) adult females of P. ficus and L. micans, and all mealybugs remaining after the experimental period were counted. To evaluate P. ficus predation by L. micans, two laboratory experiments were conducted 25 degrees C, 80% relative humidity). In the first experiment, sprouted potatoes were infested with ovisacs, first-instar nymphs and adult females of P. ficus and evaluated in three treatments: 1) L. micans fed with carbohydrate and protein, 2) L. micans without food, and 3) without ants present. In the second, potatoes were infested only with first-instar nymphs of P. ficus and were exposed in two treatments: 1) L. micans without food, and 2) without ants present. The results were evaluated by counting the remaining mealybugs, with and without ants. The results showed that L. micans does not transport P. ficus, and predates on first-instar nymphs of the mealybug.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Embrapa Uva & Vinho, Lab Entomolgia, BR-95701008 Bento Goncalves, RS, BrazilInst Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Vacaria, BR-95200000 Vacaria, RS, BrazilUniv Caxias Sul CARVI, Lab Entomolgia, BR-95705266 Bento Goncalves, RS, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Ctr Estudos Insetos Sociais, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Ctr Estudos Insetos Sociais, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazi