459 research outputs found
A systematic review of the current evidence regarding interventions for anxiety, PTSD, sleepiness and fatigue in the law enforcement workplace
Law enforcement is inherently stressful, and police officers are particularly vulnerable to mental and physical disorders. As such, researchers are currently assessing intervention strategies that may combat or manage these psychological, physical and mental issues. To review most recent information regarding anxiety, PTSD, and sleepiness and fatigue and identify the interventions and treatments proposed to overcome work related stressors and associated mental illnesses inflicting law enforcement officers. The EMBASE, OVID MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were canvassed for articles investigating anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleepiness, and fatigue. Initial article selections were made based on title, whilst final inclusion was informed by a full critical appraisal with respect to the primary and secondary effects. The systematic search returned 363 records, of which 183 were unique. Following screening, 43 records were included in the final review. The included literature assessed the efficacy of several interventions, and provided a number of recommendations regarding interventions, and policy. Moreover, literature indicates that police officers benefit from interventions targeting work-related stress and potential psychological disorders, if these interventions are continuous. Furthermore, larger controlled studies are required to further elucidate the benefits of psychosocial intervention in law enforcement
Non-linear electrical response in a non-charge-ordered manganite: Pr0.8Ca0.2MnO3
Up to now, electric field induced non-linear conduction in the Pr(1-x)CaxMnO3
system has been ascribed to a current-induced destabilization of the charge
ordered phase. However, for x<0.25, a ferromagnetic insulator state is observed
and charge-ordering is absent whatever the temperature. A systematic
investigation of the non-linear transport in the ferromagnetic insulator
Pr0.8Ca0.2MnO3 shows rather similar results to those obtained in charge ordered
systems. However, the experimental features observed in Pr0.8Ca0.2MnO3 are
distinct in that the collapse of the CO energy gap can not be invoked as
usually done in the other members of the PCMO system. We propose
interpretations in which the effectiveness of the DE is restored upon
application of electric field.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
Non-linear electrical response in a charge/orbital ordered CaMnO crystal : the charge density wave analogy
Non-linear conduction in a charge-ordered manganese oxide
PrCaMnO is reported. To interpret such a feature, it is
usually proposed that a breakdown of the charge or orbitally ordered state is
induced by the current. The system behaves in such a way that the bias current
may generate metallic paths giving rise to resistivity drop. One can describe
this feature by considering the coexistence of localized and delocalized
electron states with independent paths of conduction. This situation is
reminiscent of what occurs in charge density wave systems where a similar
non-linear conduction is also observed. In the light of recent experimental
results suggesting the development of charge density waves in charge and
orbitally ordered manganese oxides, a phenomenological model for charge density
waves motion is used to describe the non-linear conduction in
PrCaMnO. In such a framework, the non-linear conduction
arises from the motion of the charge density waves condensate which carries a
net electrical current.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure
Dysregulation of glucose metabolism is an early event in sporadic Parkinson's disease
AbstractUnlike most other cell types, neurons preferentially metabolize glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to maintain their antioxidant status. Inhibiting the PPP in neuronal cell models causes cell death. In rodents, inhibition of this pathway causes selective dopaminergic cell death leading to motor deficits resembling parkinsonism. Using postmortem human brain tissue, we characterized glucose metabolism via the PPP in sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and controls. AD brains showed increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production in areas affected by disease. In PD however, increased NADPH production was only seen in the affected areas of late-stage cases. Quantifying PPP NADPH-producing enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, showed a reduction in the putamen of early-stage PD and interestingly in the cerebellum of early and late-stage PD. Importantly, there was no decrease in enzyme levels in the cortex, putamen, or cerebellum of AD. Our results suggest that down-regulation of PPP enzymes and a failure to increase antioxidant reserve is an early event in the pathogenesis of sporadic PD
Streamflow response to climate change in the Greater Horn of Africa
The Greater Horn of Africa region increasingly experiences high risk of water scarcity. A combination of frequent droughts, rapid population growth and rising urbanisation has reduced streamflow and intensified water abstraction, causing water and food shortages. Estimates of future streamflow changes in the region have so far been highly uncertain and evaluations using ground-based measurements are still limited. Here, future streamflow changes are estimated using a distributed hydrological model forced with an ensemble of high-resolution climate simulations produced using the European community Earth-System Model v3.1. The simulated streamflow is evaluated using observed data from 29 stations from river basins across different climate zones in the region. Evaluation results show large sub-regional variations in the performance of simulated streamflow. The sign and magnitude of future streamflow changes vary between climate simulations and river basins, highlighting the uncertainties in the hydrologic projections. Overall, the streamflow projections indicate large (seasonal, long-term mean and extreme) streamflow decreases for all major rivers in Ethiopia and increases in the equatorial parts of the region at the end of the century. The ensemble mean shows a 10 to 25% decrease in the long-term mean flow in Ethiopia and a 10% increase in the equatorial part of the region in 2080s. Similarly, there is a substantial change in high flows in 2080s, with up to ââ50% reduction in the northern and 50% increase in the equatorial parts of the region. These findings are critical because the rivers provide water supply to a rapidly changing socio-economy of the region
Fe III in the highâspin state in dimethylammonium bis[3âethoxysalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazonato(2â)âÎș 3 O 2, N 1, S ]ferrate(III)
The synthesis and crystal structure (100 K) of the title compound, [(CH3)2NH2][Fe(C10H11O2N3S)2], are reported. The asymmetric unit consists of an octahedral [FeIII(L)2]â fragment, where L2â is 3âethoxysalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazonate(2â), and a dimethylammonium cation. Each L2â ligand binds with the thiolate S, the imine N and the phenolate O atoms as donors, resulting in an FeIIIS2N2O2 chromophore. The ligands are orientated in two perpendicular planes, with the O and S atoms in cis positions, and mutually trans N atoms. The FeIII ion is in the highâspin state at 100 K. The variableâtemperature magnetic susceptibility measurements (5â320 K) are consistent with the presence of a highâspin FeIII ion with D = 0.83 (1) cmâ1 and g = 2
Fe III in the highâspin state in dimethylammonium bis[3âethoxysalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazonato(2â)âÎș 3 O 2, N 1, S ]ferrate(III)
The synthesis and crystal structure (100 K) of the title compound, [(CH3)2NH2][Fe(C10H11O2N3S)2], are reported. The asymmetric unit consists of an octahedral [FeIII(L)2]â fragment, where L2â is 3âethoxysalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazonate(2â), and a dimethylammonium cation. Each L2â ligand binds with the thiolate S, the imine N and the phenolate O atoms as donors, resulting in an FeIIIS2N2O2 chromophore. The ligands are orientated in two perpendicular planes, with the O and S atoms in cis positions, and mutually trans N atoms. The FeIII ion is in the highâspin state at 100 K. The variableâtemperature magnetic susceptibility measurements (5â320 K) are consistent with the presence of a highâspin FeIII ion with D = 0.83 (1) cmâ1 and g = 2
Resonant x-ray diffraction study of the magnetoresistant perovskite Pr0.6Ca0.4MnO3
We report a x-ray resonant diffraction study of the perovskite
Pr0.6Ca0.4MnO3. At the Mn K-edge, this technique is sensitive to details of the
electronic structure of the Mn atoms. We discuss the resonant x-ray spectra
measured above and below the charge and orbital ordering phase transition
temperature (TCOO = 232 K), and present a detailed analysis of the energy and
polarization dependence of the resonant scattering. The analysis confirms that
the structural transition is a transition to an orbitally ordered phase in
which inequivalent Mn atoms are ordered in a CE-type pattern. The Mn atoms
differ mostly by their 3d orbital occupation. We find that the charge
disproportionation is incomplete, 3d^{3.5-\delta} and 3d^{3.5+\delta} with
\delta\ll0.5 . A revised CE-type model is considered in which there are two Mn
sublattices, each with partial e_{g} occupancy. One sublattice consists of Mn
atoms with the 3x^{2}-r^{2} or 3y^{2}-r^{2} orbitals partially occupied, the
other sublattice with the x^{2}-y^{2} orbital partially occupied.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figure
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