Softening and Yielding of Soft Glassy Materials

Solids deform and fluids flow, but soft glassy materials, such as emulsions, foams, suspensions, and pastes, exhibit an intricate mix of solid and liquid-like behavior. While much progress has been made to understand their elastic (small strain) and flow (infinite strain) properties, such understanding is lacking for the softening and yielding phenomena that connect these asymptotic regimes. Here we present a comprehensive framework for softening and yielding of soft glassy materials, based on extensive numerical simulations of oscillatory rheological tests, and show that two distinct scenarios unfold depending on the material's packing density. For dense systems, there is a single, pressure-independent strain where the elastic modulus drops and the particle motion becomes diffusive. In contrast, for weakly jammed systems, a two-step process arises: at an intermediate softening strain, the elastic and loss moduli both drop down and then reach a new plateau value, whereas the particle motion becomes diffusive at the distinctly larger yield strain. We show that softening is associated with an extensive number of microscopic contact changes leading to a non-analytic rheological signature. Moreover, the scaling of the softening strain with pressure suggest the existence of a novel pressure scale above which softening and yielding coincide, and we verify the existence of this crossover scale numerically. Our findings thus evidence the existence of two distinct classes of soft glassy materials -- jamming dominated and dense -- and show how these can be distinguished by their rheological fingerprint.Comment: 9 pages, 11 figures, to appear in Soft Matte

Mesoscopic structure of dry-pressed clay samples from small-angle X-ray scattering measurements . In : Proceedings of the XIIIth International Conference on Small-Angle Scattering

Weakly hydrated samples of platelet-shaped nano-particles obtained by dry-pressing suspensions of the synthetic Na fluorohectorite clay are studied. The particles consist of stacks of several tens of 1 nm-thick nanosilicate platelets. They form a compound of quasi-two-dimensional particles whose average director is aligned with the direction of the uniaxial stress applied at dehydration. Small-angle X-ray scattering images from these samples are either isotropic or anisotropic, depending on the sample orientation with respect to the X-ray beam. From anisotropic images, changes in the scattering objects' orientation distribution probability (ODP) function are investigated as the temperature is lowered, thus triggering swelling of the individual particles by water intercalation. This is done, on the one hand, by inferring the width of the ODP function from the eccentricity of quasi-elliptic iso-intensity cuts of the small-angle scattering images, and, on the other hand, by obtaining the ODP function from azimuthal profiles of the images. The decays of the scattering intensity as a function of momentum transfer along the two principal directions of the images exhibit power law behaviors. A crossover scale between two power law regimes is observed on the profiles recorded along the horizontal axis; it corresponds to the typical pore size along the direction of the initially applied load. These results are compared with a previous study of similar systems

Soft Sphere Packings at Finite Pressure but Unstable to Shear

When are athermal soft sphere packings jammed ? Any experimentally relevant definition must at the very least require a jammed packing to resist shear. We demonstrate that widely used (numerical) protocols in which particles are compressed together, can and do produce packings which are unstable to shear - and that the probability of generating such packings reaches one near jamming. We introduce a new protocol that, by allowing the system to explore different box shapes as it equilibrates, generates truly jammed packings with strictly positive shear moduli G. For these packings, the scaling of the average of G is consistent with earlier results, while the probability distribution P(G) exhibits novel and rich scalingComment: 5 pages, 6 figures. Resubmitted to Physical Review Letters after a few change

Contact Changes near Jamming

We probe the onset and effect of contact changes in soft harmonic particle packings which are sheared quasistatically. We find that the first contact changes are the creation or breaking of contacts on a single particle. We characterize the critical strain, statistics of breaking versus making a contact, and ratio of shear modulus before and after such events, and explain their finite size scaling relations. For large systems at finite pressure, the critical strain vanishes but the ratio of shear modulus before and after a contact change approaches one: linear response remains relevant in large systems. For finite systems close to jamming the critical strain also vanishes, but here linear response already breaks down after a single contact change.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Rheology of Dense Suspensions of Non-Colloidal Particles in Yield-Stress Fluids

Pressure-imposed rheometry is used to study the rheological properties of suspensions of non-colloidal spheres in yield stress fluids. Accurate measurements for both the shear stress and particle normal stress are obtained in the dense regime. The rheological measurements are favourably compared to a model based on scaling arguments and homogenisation methods

Jamming in finite systems: stability, anisotropy, fluctuations and scaling

Athermal packings of soft repulsive spheres exhibit a sharp jamming transition in the thermodynamic limit. Upon further compression, various structural and mechanical properties display clean power-law behavior over many decades in pressure. As with any phase transition, the rounding of such behavior in finite systems close to the transition plays an important role in understanding the nature of the transition itself. The situation for jamming is surprisingly rich: the assumption that jammed packings are isotropic is only strictly true in the large-size limit, and finite-size has a profound effect on the very meaning of jamming. Here, we provide a comprehensive numerical study of finite-size effects in sphere packings above the jamming transition, focusing on stability as well as the scaling of the contact number and the elastic response.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figure

Le Chant des Dunes, Mouvements Collectifs dans un Écoulement Granulaire

The song of dunes is a natural phenomenon that have arisen men's curiosity for a long time, from Marco Polo to R.A. Bagnold. Scientific observations in the XXth century have shown that the sound is emitted by a coherent vibration of the free surface of a flow in these special singing grains, and that this sound is linked to a threshold effect that depends on many parameters. In order to understand the synchronization mechanism that links the movements of the grains, we have made two missions in Morocco and in Oman to study on field these singing dunes, from which we brought back many samples. On the basis of a study of their microscopic properties, we showed that these grains are covered by a varnish that increases their friction and adhesion properties. In an experiment with varying shear rate, we characterized the threshold dependency on relative humidity as well as on flow parameters. In an avalanche experiment, we reproduced with high fidelity the song of dunes that can be heard on field and our observations showed that the flow has a part at the surface where the velocity is homogeneous like a solid movement. This experiment also showed that the synchronization is not due to an acoustic wave propagating inside the granular layer. We then developed a model based on the interaction between the force chains in the shear part of the flow and the plug part of the flow. This model have a good quantitative agreement with the experiments, and it also explains all the qualitative observations that have been made on this subject.Le chant des dunes est un phénomène naturel qui a longtemps éveillé la curiosité des hommes du désert, de Marco Polo à R.A. Bagnold. Les observations scientifiques du XXème siècle ont montré que le son est émis par la vibration cohérente de la surface libre d'un écoulement de ces grains chantants, et que ce son est soumis à un phénomène de seuil qui dépend de beaucoup de paramètres. Pour comprendre le mécanisme qui synchronise le mouvement des grains entre eux, nous avons effectué deux voyages au Maroc et à Oman pour observer les dunes chantantes sur le terrain, dont nous avons rapporté plusieurs échantillons de sable chantant. En étudiant leurs propriétés microscopiques, nous avons montré que ces sables sont recouverts d'un vernis qui augmente leurs propriétés d'adhésion et de frottement. Grâce à une expérience à cisaillement variable, nous avons caractérisé la dépendance du seuil avec l'humidité et les paramètres d'écoulement. Dans une expérience d'avalanches, nous avons réussi à reproduire le chant des dunes sur le terrain, et nos observations montrent qu'une partie de l'écoulement a une vitesse homogène, comme un bloc solide. De plus, cette expérience montre aussi que la synchronisation ne peut être due à une onde acoustique dans le milieu granulaire. Nous avons alors développé un modèle basé sur l'interaction entre les chaînes de forces dans l'écoulement de cisaillement et la partie où la vitesse est homogène. Ce modèle a un bon accord quantitatif avec les mesures, et il permet de rendre compte de toutes les observations qualitatives faites sur le chant des dunes

Rheology of dense suspensions of non-colloidal spheres in yield-stress fluids

International audiencePressure-imposed rheometry is used to study the rheological properties of suspensions of non-colloidal spheres in yield-stress fluids. Accurate measurements for both the shear stress and the particle normal stress are obtained in the dense regime. The rheological measurements are favourably compared with a model based on scaling arguments and homogenisation methods