Clinical perspectives of emerging pathogens in bleeding disorders.

As a result of immunological and nucleic-acid screening of plasma donations for transfusion-transmissible viruses, and the incorporation of viral reduction processes during plasma fractionation, coagulation-factor concentrates (CFC) are now judged safe in terms of many known infectious agents, including hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus. However, emerging pathogens could pose future threats, particularly those with blood-borne stages that are resistant to viral-inactivation steps in the manufacturing process, such as non-lipid-coated viruses. As outlined in this Review, better understanding of infectious diseases allows challenges from newly described agents of potential concern in the future to be anticipated, but the processes of zoonotic transmission and genetic selection or modification ensure that plasma-derived products will continue to be subject to infectious concerns. Manufacturers of plasma-derived CFC have addressed the issue of emerging infectious agents by developing recombinant products that limit the need for human plasma during production. Such recombinant products have extended the safety profile of their predecessors by ensuring that all reagents used for cell culture, purification steps, and stabilisation and storage buffers are completely independent of human plasma

Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2016)

This article lists the changes to virus taxonomy approved and ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in April 2016. Changes to virus taxonomy (the Universal Scheme of Virus Classification of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [ICTV]) now take place annually and are the result of a multi-stage process. In accordance with the ICTV Statutes (http://​www.​ictvonline.​org/​statutes.​asp), proposals submitted to the ICTV Executive Committee (EC) undergo a review process that involves input from the ICTV Study Groups (SGs) and Subcommittees (SCs), other interested virologists, and the EC. After final approval by the EC, proposals are then presented for ratification to the full ICTV membership by publication on an ICTV web site (http://​www.​ictvonline.​org/​) followed by an electronic vote. The latest set of proposals approved by the EC was made available on the ICTV website by January 2016 (https://​talk.​ictvonline.​org/​files/​proposals/​). A list of these proposals was then emailed on 28 March 2016 to the 148 members of ICTV, namely the EC Members, Life Members, ICTV Subcommittee Members (including the SG chairs) and ICTV National Representatives. Members were then requested to vote on whether to ratify the taxonomic proposals (voting closed on 29 April 2016)

Emissions of carbon tetrachloride from Europe

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a long-lived radiatively active compound with the ability to destroy stratospheric ozone. Due to its inclusion in the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MP), the last two decades have seen a sharp decrease in its large-scale emissive use with a consequent decline in its atmospheric mole fractions. However, the MP restrictions do not apply to the use of carbon tetrachloride as feedstock for the production of other chemicals, implying the risk of fugitive emissions from the industry sector. The occurrence of such unintended emissions is suggested by a significant discrepancy between global emissions as derived from reported production and feedstock usage (bottom-up emissions), and those based on atmospheric observations (top-down emissions). In order to better constrain the atmospheric budget of carbon tetrachloride, several studies based on a combination of atmospheric observations and inverse modelling have been conducted in recent years in various regions of the world. This study is focused on the European scale and based on long-term high-frequency observations at three European sites, combined with a Bayesian inversion methodology. We estimated that average European emissions for 2006–2014 were 2.2 (± 0.8) Gg yr−1, with an average decreasing trend of 6.9 % per year. Our analysis identified France as the main source of emissions over the whole study period, with an average contribution to total European emissions of approximately 26 %. The inversion was also able to allow the localisation of emission "hot spots" in the domain, with major source areas in southern France, central England (UK) and Benelux (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg), where most industrial-scale production of basic organic chemicals is located. According to our results, European emissions correspond, on average, to 4.0 % of global emissions for 2006–2012. Together with other regional studies, our results allow a better constraint of the global budget of carbon tetrachloride and a better quantification of the gap between top-down and bottom-up estimates

Changing trends and emissions of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and their hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) replacements

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAG5-12669)United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX07AE89G)United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX11AF17G)United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX16AC98G

Epidemiology of Human Parvovirus 4 Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa

Human parvovirus 4 infections are primarily associated with parenteral exposure in western countries. By ELISA, we demonstrate frequent seropositivity for antibody to parvovirus 4 viral protein 2 among adult populations throughout sub-Saharan Africa (Burkina Faso, 37%; Cameroon, 25%; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 35%; South Africa, 20%), which implies existence of alternative transmission routes

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Bromoviridae

[EN] Bromoviridae is a family of plant viruses with tri-segmented, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes of about 8 kb in total. Genomic RNAs are packaged in separate virions that may also contain subgenomic, defective or satellite RNAs. Virions are variable in morphology (spherical or bacilliform) and are transmitted between hosts mechanically, in/on the pollen and non-persistently by insect vectors. Members of the family are responsible for major disease epidemics in fruit, vegetable and fodder crops such as tomato, cucurbits, bananas, fruit trees and alfalfa. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Bromoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/bromoviridae.Production of this summary, the online chapter and associated resources was funded by a grant from the Wellcome Trust (WT108418AIA). Members of the ICTV (10th) Report Consortium are Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Andrew J. Davison, Stuart G. Siddell, Peter Simmonds, Sead Sabanadzovic, Donald B. Smith, Richard J. Orton and F. Murilo Zerbini.Bujarski, J.; Gallitelli, D.; Garcia, F.; Pallás Benet, V.; Palukaitis, P.; Reddy, M.; Wang, A.... (2019). ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Bromoviridae. Journal of General Virology. 100(8):1206-1207. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001282S120612071008Pallas, V., Aparicio, F., Herranz, M. C., Sanchez-Navarro, J. A., & Scott, S. W. (2013). The Molecular Biology of Ilarviruses. Advances in Virus Research, 139-181. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407698-3.00005-3Hanssen, I. M., & Lapidot, M. (2012). Major Tomato Viruses in the Mediterranean Basin. Viruses and Virus Diseases of Vegetables in the Mediterranean Basin, 31-66. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394314-9.00002-6Jacquemond, M. (2012). Cucumber Mosaic Virus. Viruses and Virus Diseases of Vegetables in the Mediterranean Basin, 439-504. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394314-9.00013-0Pallas, V., Aparicio, F., Herranz, M. C., Amari, K., Sanchez-Pina, M. A., Myrta, A., & Sanchez-Navarro, J. A. (2012). Ilarviruses of Prunus spp.: A Continued Concern for Fruit Trees. Phytopathology®, 102(12), 1108-1120. doi:10.1094/phyto-02-12-0023-rv