Análisis de los factores de éxito en el proceso de creación de empresas. Impacto en la supervivencia y en su capacidad de innovación

El emprendimiento ha sido ampliamente estudiado. Al principio, el emprendedor fue tratado por la literatura como comerciante, actualmente el emprendedor se percibe desde la literatura como un agente innovador y de cambio. Esta perspectiva del emprendedor es la que se ha tenido en cuenta en esta tesis. La tesis se compone de tres estudios, los objetivos de los cuales son dos, por una parte determinar qué factores institucionales y económicos tienen una influencia en la creación de las empresas y por otra parte analizar cómo afecta el entorno, así como las características del emprendedor y la empresa a la supervivencia de la misma en el corto y medio plazo. Los resultados muestran que el nivel de educación de un país, así como el PIB per capita y la desigualdad de ingresos tienen una influencia no solo en el emprendimiento, sino también en el tipo de empresas que se crean. Además, respecto al segundo objetivo, el análisis estadístico muestra que las empresas sobreviven más en periodos de crisis que de crecimiento debido a la variación en el coste de oportunidad de abandonar la empresa cuando no hay oportunidades laborales fuera del negocio. Por último, también se hace una comparativa de las nuevas empresas que se crean con un objetivo social y las más tradicionales. Los resultados en este caso muestran que hay determinados factores de éxito para las empresas tradicionales o de negocios que no lo son en el caso de las empresas sociales.Entrepreneurship has been studied extensively. Initially, the entrepreneur was seen as a merchant, whereas more recently, the entrepreneur has come to be seen as an innovator and agent of change. This view of the entrepreneur as an innovator and agent of change is the approach adopted in the current dissertation. This dissertation is composed by three studies, the goals are, on the one hand to determine which institutional and economic factors have an influence in ventures creation and on the other hand to analyse how the environment, entrepreneur and venture characteristics affect to the start-up survival in the short and medium run. The results show that the level of education of a country, the GDP per capita and the income inequality have an influence not just on the level of entrepreneurship, but also on the type of ventures created. Furthermore, regarding the second goal, the methodology shows that new ventures survive more in periods of crisis than in periods of growth due to the variation of the opportunity cost of leaving the venture when there is no job opportunity in the marketplace. Lastly, the dissertation also drives the issue of comparing social and business ventures. the results show in this case that there are some success factors for business ventures that do not have the same role in the case of social ones

Crowdfunding and Social Entrepreneurship: Spotlight on Intermediaries

This study contributes to the literature by describing how crowdfunding platforms that host social entrepreneurship projects build and preserve legitimacy. We study three intermediaries, analyzing the actions they take to ensure that creators and funders perceive crowdfunding as a trustworthy form of alternative finance. This study shows that the legitimacy that funders ascribe to a project's social and/or environmental aims is also a source of legitimacy for the intermediaries that promote social entrepreneurship projects. These intermediaries act as agents of social change, using a range of mechanisms to promote projects that seek to create social and/or environmental value in addition to economic value. Our study also has practical implications. We highlight the mechanisms used to reduce potential risks for intermediaries, creators, and funders and ensure their trust in crowdfunding

Influência do capital físico e humano na sobrevivência de novas empresas

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of physical and human capital on the survival of new ventures in different economic contexts. We conduct an empirical study by using a logit model to analyze new ventures’ probabilities of survival. The results show that both human and physical capital influence the survival of ventures in the short and long term, with human capital playing a particularly important role. The implications of the study hinge on two key findings. First, the government’s potential to promote more efficient forms of entrepreneurship is a prominent factor. Second, the motivations —necessity or opportunity—of the entrepreneurs embarking on business ventures, and the importance of certain types of capital also determine the venture’s prospects for survival.El propósito de este estudio es analizar la influencia del capital físico y humano en la supervivencia de nuevas empresas en diferentes contextos económicos. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un estudio utilizando un modelo logit que analiza las probabilidades de supervivencia de las empresas de nueva creación. Los resultados muestran que tanto el capital humano como el físico influyen en la supervivencia de las empresas en el corto y largo plazo, siendo especialmente importante el papel que desempeña el capital humano. Las implicaciones del estudio giran en torno a dos hallazgos sustanciales. El primero es que destaca el potencial de los gobiernos en la promoción de formas más eficientes de emprendimiento. El segundo es que el tipo de motivación –necesidad u oportunidad– del emprendedor y la importancia de ciertos tipos de capital también determinan las probabilidades de supervivencia de las empresas.O propósito deste estudo é analisar a influência do capital físico e humano na sobrevivência de novas empresas em diferentes contextos econômicos. Para isso, se realiza um estudo utilizando um modelo logit que analisa as probabilidades de sobrevivencia das empresas de nova criação. Os resultados mostram que tanto o capital humano quanto o físico influem na sobrevivência das empresas em curto e longo prazo, sendo especialmente importante o papel que desempenha o capital humano. As implicações do estudo giram em torno a dois resultados substanciais. O primeiro destaca o potencial dos governos na promoção de formas mais eficientes de empreendimento. O segundo é que o tipo de motivação –necessidade ou oportunidade– do empreendedor e a importancia de certos tipos de capital também determinam as probabilidades de sobrevivência das empresas

Intelligent purchasing : How artificial intelligence can redefine the purchasing function

Artificial intelligence (AI) can affect all of a company's functions, not least the purchasing department. In addition to automating and optimizing existing processes, AI opens up new opportunities for purchasers to undertake new, strategic, collaborative, enduring missions. AI enables complex, strategic decision-making in an unpredictable, hostile environment. This article analyzes to what extent AI can improve the performance of the purchasing department. First, a review is undertaken of how AI is used in purchasing. Thereafter, the research follows an exploratory, inductive, and qualitative approach based on a multiple case study of the following technologies: (1) the Synertrade automated international purchasing system; (2) the Silex matching system; (3) SAP Ariba decision support; (4) Jaggaer supplier relations management; and (5) the Ideapoke collaborative ideation and innovative project management platform. The present study's contributions lie in its redefinition of the purchasing function, of the purchaser's role, of supplier relationship management policy, and of interdepartmental collaboration, involving, for example, Marketing and R

The refugee entrepreneurship process from/in emerging economies

The paper examines several refugee experiences in Mexico and presents their reasons for leaving their home countries. A gap in research is identifying the entrepreneurial process experienced by refugee entrepreneurs. We use the case study of 10 Latin American refugees in Mexico to propose a conceptual framework that describes the entrepreneurial process of refugee entrepreneurs. We have found that this process begins with the abandonment of the country of origin, followed by the traumatic experiences that caused flight and the difficulties they face in the pilgrimage to the host country. These events help shape the entrepreneurial intention of the refugees

Supervivencia de empresas sociales de nueva creación. Un enfoque basado en el análisis cualitativo comparativo fsQCA

Las empresas sociales constituyen una realidad de la que multitud de instituciones, tanto organismos internacionales como universidades de prestigio, se han hecho eco dedicando recursos a su estudio y promoción. Actualmente, la literatura se centra, fundamentalmente, en investigar las diferencias entre emprendimiento de negocios y social, las diferentes lógicas de las empresas que, siendo sociales, persiguen fines lucrativos con el fin de obtener un sistema sostenible, o la medición del impacto del valor social que aportan. Sin embargo, poco se ha investigado aún sobre cómo afectan determinadas características del emprendedor y la empresa social a supervivencia, lo que constituye el fin de este trabajo. El estudio utiliza una muestra que oscila entre 291 y 212 empresas según el periodo considerado. Utilizando el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo, tratamos de identificar si existe algún antecedente que sea condición necesaria para la supervivencia, así como combinaciones de antecedentes causales capaces de explicar la  supervivencia. Los resultados muestran que no existe ninguna condición necesaria por sí misma y que existen diversas soluciones suficientes que varían conforme la empresa adquiere mayor madurez

The determinants of social CRM entrepreneurship : An institutional perspective

Despite a growing interest in social media adoption by corporations, there is minimal knowledge about the drivers of social customer relationship management (SCRM). This study examines the determinants of SCRM entrepreneurship from an institutional perspective and specifically from the banking sector. Data on 19 banks were obtained from 183 responses to a questionnaire. These data were analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS) path modeling. The findings show that organizational and technological contexts have a significant positive impact on SCRM entrepreneurship. The results also reveal a significant impact of institutional normative and coercive pressures on SCRM entrepreneurship. The findings of this study provide researchers and practitioners with a deeper understanding of how external institutional pressures and internal organizational and technological contexts can interact to create SCRM entrepreneurship. Furthermore, this study contributes to knowledge about the motivations and methods of SCRM adoption and evaluation

Client orientation in fashion e-commerce: a comparative study

[EN] E-business and especially e-commerce represents one of the most important ways of doing business in the current context. That is why, researchers are doing a great effort in studying how Business to Consumer platforms manage the relationship with their clients. Regarding the most important channels of connection between consumers and companies in online market, the websites and Apps, this study analyzes the way in which e-businesses present the information to their clients from a client-focused strategy point of view. The present study evaluates how two important e-commerce companies deal with this in such a competitive market as fashion and aims to state some success guidelines for fashion e-commerces.Orero-Blat, M.; Botella-Carrubi, D.; Simón-Moya, V.; Sendra, J.; Mogorrón Guerrero, H. (2020). Client orientation in fashion e-commerce: a comparative study. IEEE. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.23919/CISTI49556.2020.9141057S1

Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) applied to the adaptation of the automobile industry to meet the emission standards of climate change policies via the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs)

[EN] Facing global climate change challenges entails a sustainable development of transportation. Governments and automobile manufacturers are highly aware of how a large-scale deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs) can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate global warming. This study aids the design of the adaptation strategies of the automotive industry to meet global goals on climate change by means of a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), which makes it possible to measure the level of actors¿ satisfaction. This allows identification of a combination of factors leading to the outcome while dealing with uncertain environments due to the heterogeneous nature of actors with conflicting of interests. The methodology has been successfully applied to a case study, thus providing greater transparency, fairness, social equity, and consensus among actorsLlopis-Albert, C.; Palacios Marqués, D.; Simón-Moya, V. (2021). Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) applied to the adaptation of the automobile industry to meet the emission standards of climate change policies via the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 169:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120843S1716

Do current regulations prevent unethical AI practices?

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) to ensure the competitiveness of corporations, driven by “data-hungry” companies, is raising ethical concerns about privacy governance and cybersecurity of datasets. It is key to avoid the abuse of users not aware of the economic value of their data, as well as their manipulation through advertising in digital markets, and by predicting their behavior, also to avoid the abuse of consumers’ ignorance about the ethics of the products/services they consume. The European Union, through the Artificial Intelligence Act, developed a set of rules to safeguard the impact of AI on society and mitigate the adverse consequences of unethical behaviors, but these unethical AI practices are still occurring. This study uses an event model to calculate cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) with registered data on fines from AI ethical violations to measure the impact on financial markets of news about the unethical behavior of offending firms and to determine whether shareholders are rewarding these activities. Results help explain how some firms and their shareholders become immune to financial economic sanctions and turn into multi-violators who are not affected by the amount of the fines imposed on them, developing a “fine is a price” attitude. In summary, the findings of this study advise companies against engaging in this type of malpractice and make a great contribution in helping governments prevent the misuse of AI and its potentially disastrous consequences at both the individual and societal levels.Sin financiación7.3 Q1 JCR 20220.801 Q1 SJR 2022No data IDR 2022UE