Francesco COSTANTINI, Aspetti di linguistica saurana, Roma, Il Calamo, 2019, Norman DENISON, Scritti scelti di linguistica saurana (edizione a cura di Francesco COSTANTINI), Udine, Forum, 2021

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Attorno al soggetto. Percorsi di riflessione tra prassi didattiche, libri di testo e teoria

(Quarta di copertina) Quello di soggetto non è solo un tema classico della grammatica, ma anche un buon punto di osservazione dell’interazione fra i diversi livelli di analisi della lingua: la semantica, la sintassi, la pragmatica, la testualità. I saggi contenuti in questo volume affrontano il tema del soggetto dalla prospettiva dell’insegnamento della grammatica a scuola: in modo abbastanza inusuale la ricerca muove così dall’applicazione alla teoria, e non viceversa, e anche l’elaborazione teorica può beneficiare delle attività metalinguistiche non sempre coerenti di alunni, studenti e insegnanti

Prevalence of tracheobronchomalacia and excessive dynamic airway collapse in bronchial asthma of different severity

BACKGROUND: Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is a pathologic condition in which softening of tracheal and bronchial cartilage causes the dynamic narrowing of transverse or sagittal diameters of tracheobronchial lumen; an excessive dynamic airway collapse (EDAC) may also be associated, with a substantial invagination of the posterior membrane of trachebronchial tree. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of both TBM and EDAC in a population of asthmatics with different degrees of disease severity compared to a reference group of subjects without any bronchial obstruction. METHODS: A cohort of 202 asthmatics was investigated by means of a dynamic flexible videobronchoscopy: 74 mild persistent (MPA - age 18–68 ys; 35 males; mean FEV(1) = 88.6% pred. ± 8.3 sd); 63 moderate (MA - age 21–71 ys; 30 males; mean FEV(1) = 71.3% pred. ± 9.1 sd), 65 severe asthmatics (SA - age 33–70 ys; 25 males; mean FEV(1) = 48.5% pred. ± 7.6 sd), and 62 non obstructed subjects (NO - age 18–71 ys; 38 males; mean FEV(1) 98.6% pred. ± 2.7 sd). TBM and EDAC were classified according to FEMOS classification. RESULTS: TBM and EDAC were observed in only 1/62 subjects (both 1.61%) of NO group, while their prevalence was 2.70% and 6.75% in MPA group; 7.93% and 19.04% in MA group; 18.46% and 69.23% in SA group, respectively. The crude prevalence of thyroid disorders in the population was 12.9%. In particular, the prevalence of thyroid disorders was significantly higher in females than in men, but 54-fold higher in females than in men in the presence of EDAC. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The prevalence of both TBM and EDAC is directly related to age, gender (females), and asthma severity; 2) EDAC is much more frequent than TBM in all asthma patients; 3) both tracheal abnormalities proved to be more represented in asthmatics with thyroid disorders, and particularly in female asthmatics with EDAC

Riflettere sulla grammatica a scuola: una ricerca sul soggetto

The paper discusses some preliminary results of the research project GRASS - Grammar Reflection at School: Syntactic Subject, which involved 444 junior and senior students from lower to higher education grades and 16 teachers. Starting from some general remarks on the current state of grammar teaching in the Italian school system, particularly critical as far as real speech, discourse and metalinguistic awareness are concerned, the paper highlights and discusses three main critical issues: a)the confusion between (con)textual reference and grammatical function, well attested by thediverse and incongruous ways used by the respondents to identify and represent the subject of sentences from a text; b) the pupils’ and students’ grammaticality judgements on verb and subject agreement, especially in cases of semantic/syntactic mismatch; c) the relation between the respondents’ explicit definitions of grammatical subject and the emerging underlying notions that characterize the different stages of Italian education as far as primary vs. secondary schools are concerned. Finally, some conclusions are drawn on the possible outcomes that this type of research can have in terms of teachers’ training and teaching practices.In questo articolo vengono presentati i primi risultati della ricerca GRASS (Riflessione Grammaticale a Scuola: il Soggetto Sintattico), che ha coinvolto 444 tra alunni e studenti dalla scuola primaria al primo anno di università e 16 insegnanti. Muovendo da alcune riflessioni generali sull’insegnamento della grammatica nella scuola italiana, la cui criticità sta, fra l’altro, nella scarsa considerazione degli usi linguistici reali nello sviluppo della riflessione metalinguistica, l’articolo tratta nello specifico alcuni aspetti emersi dalla ricerca. Innanzitutto, la confusione tra funzione grammaticale e referenza, ben testimoniata dalle espressioni incongrue e idiosincratiche usate dagli informanti per esplicitare i soggetti individuati in un testo. Poi, i giudizi di grammaticalità rispetto a frasi dell’italiano contenenti casi problematici di accordo verbo-soggetto. Infine, l’analisi delle definizioni esplicite di soggetto fornite da alunni e studenti, che forniscono indicazioni sulla sottostante nozione di soggetto così come viene appresa nel corso della scolarizzazione. Il saggio si conclude con alcune riflessioni su come ricerche di questo tipo possano avere ricadute in termini di formazione degli insegnanti e di pratiche didattiche

Cost analysis of GER-induced asthma: A controlled study vs. atopic asthma of comparable severity

SummaryBronchial asthma is a costly disease: while the role of pharmaceutical strategies was greatly emphasised in order to alleviate its economic burden, the aetiological approach to asthma has received much less attention from this point of view. The impact of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GER)-related asthma was assessed in comparison to atopic asthma in 262 matched patients, and the corresponding direct and indirect annual costs calculated. All subjects were screened by means of a 95-item self-questionnaire. The overall resource utilisation was calculated for the last 12 months. Drug-induced annual costs were €290.4 (interquartile range—iqr 32.8) in atopic and €438.4 (iqr 27.8) in GER-related asthma (p<0.001); expenditure for medical consultations and diagnostics were €166.1 (iqr 14.8) vs. €71.6 (iqr 11.0) (p<0.001), and €338.4 (20.0) vs. 186.9 (iqr 26.5) (p<0.001), respectively. Direct costs due to hospital admissions and indirect costs due to absenteeism were also higher in GER-related asthmatics: 2.201.7±90.0 vs. €567.1±11.0 (p<0.001), and €748.7±94.7 vs. €103.6±33.9 (p<0.001), respectively. The total annual cost per patient was €1246.7 (iqr 1979.6) in atopic and €3967.1 (iqr 3751.5) in GER-related asthma, p<0.001. In conclusion, GER-induced asthma has a more relevant economic impact on healthcare resources than atopic asthma. Although further studies are needed, present data tend to demonstrate that when facing difficult asthma (GER-related asthma in this case), the aetiological assessment of the disease plays a critical role in optimising the approach to patients’ needs

Reflecting on grammar at school: a research on the subject

The paper discusses some preliminary results of the research project GRASS - Grammar Reflection at School: Syntactic Subject, which involved 444 junior and senior students from lower to higher education grades and 16 teachers. Starting from some general remarks on the current state of grammar teaching in the Italian school system, particularly critical as far as real speech, discourse and metalinguistic awareness are concerned, the paper highlights and discusses three main critical issues: a)the confusion between (con)textual reference and grammatical function, well attested by thediverse and incongruous ways used by the respondents to identify and represent the subject of sentences from a text; b) the pupils’ and students’ grammaticality judgements on verb and subject agreement, especially in cases of semantic/syntactic mismatch; c) the relation between the respondents’ explicit definitions of grammatical subject and the emerging underlying notions that characterize the different stages of Italian education as far as primary vs. secondary schools are concerned. Finally, some conclusions are drawn on the possible outcomes that this type of research can have in terms of teachers’ training and teaching practices

Antidiabetic Drug Prescription Pattern in Hospitalized Older Patients with Diabetes

Objective: To describe the prescription pattern of antidiabetic and cardiovascular drugs in a cohort of hospitalized older patients with diabetes. Methods: Patients with diabetes aged 65 years or older hospitalized in internal medicine and/or geriatric wards throughout Italy and enrolled in the REPOSI (REgistro POliterapuie SIMI—Società Italiana di Medicina Interna) registry from 2010 to 2019 and discharged alive were included. Results: Among 1703 patients with diabetes, 1433 (84.2%) were on treatment with at least one antidiabetic drug at hospital admission, mainly prescribed as monotherapy with insulin (28.3%) or metformin (19.2%). The proportion of treated patients decreased at discharge (N = 1309, 76.9%), with a significant reduction over time. Among those prescribed, the proportion of those with insulin alone increased over time (p = 0.0066), while the proportion of those prescribed sulfonylureas decreased (p &lt; 0.0001). Among patients receiving antidiabetic therapy at discharge, 1063 (81.2%) were also prescribed cardiovascular drugs, mainly with an antihypertensive drug alone or in combination (N = 777, 73.1%). Conclusion: The management of older patients with diabetes in a hospital setting is often sub-optimal, as shown by the increasing trend in insulin at discharge, even if an overall improvement has been highlighted by the prevalent decrease in sulfonylureas prescription